0001441683-22-000023 | 10-K | XBRL Viewer

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Retirement Plans	12 Months Ended
Retirement Plans	Dec. 31, 2021
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Retirement Plans	16. Retirement Plans We have a defined contribution 401(k) retirement and savings plan (the “Plan”) to provide retirement benefits for all eligible employees. With limited exceptions, all employees over the age of 21 on the first day of the month immediately following the month of hiring are eligible to participate in the Plan. The Plan excludes United States expatriate employees, employees who are residents of Puerto Rico, and employees covered by another country’s pension retirement plan who are receiving employer contributions in that plan. The Plan allows eligible employees to make salary-deferred contributions up to 75% of their pre-tax annual compensation, as defined in the Plan, as long as the total contributed does not exceed the annual maximum allowable amount under the Internal Revenue Code. The Company makes a semi-monthly matching contribution of 100% of the employee's contribution for that pay period, up to a maximum of 4% of the employee's eligible gross compensation for that pay period. Company contributions vest ratably based on years of service over a four year period, beginning with the completion of the first year of service. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, we incurred $8.7 million, $6.8 million, and $5.5 million, respectively, in contribution expense related to employer matching contributions. We are obligated to make plan contributions for the employees of certain of our wholly-owned foreign subsidiaries. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, we incurred $2.4 million, $1.7 million, and $1.5 million, respectively, in contribution expense related to our foreign subsidiaries.

Retirement Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
Retirement Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Defined Benefit Plans and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans Table Text Block [Line Items]
Maximum annual contributions per employee	75.00%
Employer matching contribution, percentage of the employee's contribution	100.00%
Employer matching contribution, percentage of the employee's gross compensation	4.00%
Vesting term of employer contribution	4 years
Contribution expense related to employer matching contributions	$ 8.7	$ 6.8	$ 5.5
Foreign Plan
Defined Benefit Plans and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans Table Text Block [Line Items]
Contribution expense related to employer matching contributions	$ 2.4	$ 1.7	$ 1.5

Stock-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

11. Stock-Based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plans

In May 2017, our Board of Directors adopted, and our stockholders approved, the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), which became effective as of the date of the final prospectus for our initial public offering. The 2017 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options to employees and for the grant of nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock awards, RSUs, stock appreciation rights, performance-based stock awards, and other forms of equity compensation to employees, including officers, non-employee directors, and consultants. We initially reserved 6,421,442 shares of Class A common stock for issuance under the 2017 Plan, which included 421,442 shares that remained available for issuance under our 2007 Stock Option Plan (the “2007 Plan”) at the time the 2017 Plan became effective. The number of shares reserved under the 2017 Plan increases for any shares subject to outstanding awards originally granted under the 2007 Plan that expire or are forfeited prior to exercise. As a result of the adoption of the 2017 Plan, no further grants may be made under the 2007 Plan. As of December 31, 2021, there were 7,178,269 shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan, of which 3,920,861 were available to be issued.

Stock Options

We estimate the fair value of stock options containing only a service condition using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires the use of subjective assumptions, including the expected term of the option, the current price of the underlying stock, the expected stock price volatility, expected dividend yield, and the risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option. The expected term represents the period of time the stock options are expected to be outstanding. Due to the lack of sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to otherwise estimate the expected term of the stock options, we use the simplified method to estimate the expected term for our stock options. Under the simplified method, the expected term of an option is presumed to be the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. Expected volatility is based on historical volatilities for our common stock and the publicly traded stock of comparable companies over the estimated expected term of the stock options. We assume no dividend yield because dividends are not expected to be paid in the near future, which is consistent with our history of not paying dividends.

In May 2019, our Board of Directors granted a stock option to purchase 700,000 shares of our Class A common stock to our Chief Executive Officer (the “2019 CEO Grant”) under the 2017 Plan with an exercise price of $33.98 per share. The 2019 CEO Grant is eligible to vest based on the achievement of a stock price appreciation target of our Class A common stock. Specifically, the 2019 CEO Grant vests when shares of our Class A common stock close at or above $84.63 per share for a period equal to or greater than 90 consecutive calendar days or upon the occurrence of a change in control in which the value of our Class A common stock is equal to or greater than $84.63 per share within five years of the grant date. The fair value of the 2019 CEO Grant was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation. The fair value of the award at the grant date was $9.5 million and is amortized over the derived service period of 2.6 years. Effective February 2021, the 2019 CEO Grant has satisfied all of the conditions required to be considered fully vested. As a result, we accelerated the recognition of approximately $3.3 million in stock-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2021.

The following table summarizes the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019:

Year Ended December 31,

2021

2020

2019

Risk-free interest rate

2.1%

Expected term (in years)

2.6

Expected volatility

55.0%

Expected dividend yield

—%

* Not applicable because no stock options were granted during the period.

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019:


	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	5,021,068	$	7.30	6.4	$	97,440
Granted	700,000	33.98
Exercised	(1,194,471)	4.11			44,081
Forfeited	(67,986)	10.17
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	4,458,611	12.30		5.8	115,501
Granted	—	—
Exercised	(1,001,411)	6.39			81,181
Expired	(1,380)	11.82
Forfeited	(56,580)	11.33
Outstanding at December 31, 2020	3,399,240	14.06		4.9	503,174
Granted	—	—
Exercised	(423,824)	6.55			43,525
Expired	(4,100)	10.54
Forfeited	(17,960)	11.78
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	2,953,356	$	15.16	4.0	$	147,812

Exercisable at December 31, 2021	2,777,396	$	15.37	3.9	$	138,434

There were no stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The weighted average grant date fair value of stock options granted during the year ended December 31, 2019 was $13.57 per share. The total fair value of stock options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was $10.8 million, $2.8 million, and $2.0 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, the total compensation cost related to unvested stock options not yet recognized was $0.1 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 0.4 years.

Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes RSU activity for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019:


	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2018	1,175,049	$	26.04
Granted	436,912	40.70
Vested	(521,460)	27.81
Forfeited	(67,666)	26.38
Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2019	1,022,835	31.39
Granted	589,692	60.47
Vested	(270,609)	31.29
Forfeited	(176,915)	32.01
Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2020	1,165,003	46.04
Granted	488,462	108.98
Vested	(354,130)	43.39
Forfeited	(89,806)	62.72
Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2021	1,209,529	$	70.99

As of December 31, 2021, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSUs was approximately $76.2 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years.

In November 2018, our co-founders were granted 255,930 RSUs under the 2017 Plan at a fair value of $30.06 per share. The awards were approved by the Board of Directors. The value of these awards at the grant date was $7.7 million and was amortized over the vesting periods. The RSUs vested during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The following table summarizes the components of our stock-based compensation expense by instrument type for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
RSUs	$	19,382	$	10,745	$	12,667
Stock options	3,839		4,164		3,408
Common stock awards to Board of Directors	623		370		368
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	23,844	$	15,279	$	16,443

Stock-based compensation expense for RSUs, stock options, and issuances of common stock to the Board of Directors is included in the following line items in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Cost of revenue
Subscriptions	$	1,199	$	943	$	647
Professional services	3,131		1,477		2,748
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	5,426		2,821		4,742
Research and development	5,224		2,718		3,480
General and administrative	8,864		7,320		4,826
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	23,844	$	15,279	$	16,443

Stock-Based Compensation - Summary of the Stock Option Activity (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Number of Shares
Outstanding, beginning balance (in shares)	3,399,240	4,458,611	5,021,068
Granted (in shares)	0	0	700,000
Exercised (in shares)	(423,824)	(1,001,411)	(1,194,471)
Expired (in shares)	(4,100)	(1,380)
Forfeited (in shares)	(17,960)	(56,580)	(67,986)
Outstanding, ending balance (in shares)	2,953,356	3,399,240	4,458,611	5,021,068
Exercisable at December 31 (in shares)	2,777,396
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding, beginning balance (in usd per share)	$ 14.06	$ 12.30	$ 7.30
Granted (in usd per share)	0	0	33.98
Exercised (in usd per share)	6.55	6.39	4.11
Expired (in usd per share)	10.54	11.82
Canceled (in usd per share)	11.78	11.33	10.17
Outstanding, ending balance (in usd per share)	15.16	$ 14.06	$ 12.30	$ 7.30
Exercisable at December 31 (in usd per share)	$ 15.37
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)
Outstanding, beginning balance	4 years	4 years 10 months 24 days	5 years 9 months 18 days	6 years 4 months 24 days
Outstanding, ending balance	4 years	4 years 10 months 24 days	5 years 9 months 18 days	6 years 4 months 24 days
Exercisable at December 31, 2021	3 years 10 months 24 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding, beginning balance	$ 503,174	$ 115,501	$ 97,440
Exercised	43,525	81,181	44,081
Outstanding, ending balance	147,812	$ 503,174	$ 115,501	$ 97,440
Exercisable at December 31, 2021	$ 138,434

Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, our loss before income taxes was comprised of the following (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Domestic	$	(48,743)	$	(25,463)	$	(32,091)
Foreign	(39,120)		(7,131)		(17,803)
Total	$	(87,863)	$	(32,594)	$	(49,894)

Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, our income tax expense (benefit) was comprised of the following (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Current:
Federal	$	15	$	11	$	3
State	79		79		60
Foreign	1,156		977		1,091
Total current expense	1,250		1,067		1,154
Deferred:
Federal	—		—		—
State	—		—		—
Foreign	(472)		(184)		(334)
Total deferred benefit	(472)		(184)		(334)
Total income tax expense	$	778	$	883	$	820

Schedule of Reconciliation of Statutory to Effective Income Tax Rate

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, the provision for income taxes differs from the amount computed by applying the federal statutory income tax rates to our loss before the provision (benefit) for income taxes as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
U.S. federal statutory tax rate	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%
State tax expense	4.7		18.2		7.1
Foreign rate differential	(4.1)		(3.6)		(5.1)
Nondeductible expenses	(0.5)		(0.6)		(0.7)
Foreign tax expense	(0.2)		—		—
Equity compensation	7.0		46.2		12.0
Tax credits	5.0		12.0		6.5
Unrecognized tax benefits	(0.9)		(2.2)		(1.1)
Change in tax rate	(1.2)		—		—
Other	(0.1)		(1.1)		(0.8)
Deferred adjustments	0.9		(1.7)		(1.6)
Change in valuation allowance	(32.5)		(90.9)		(38.9)
Total	(0.9)	%	(2.7)	%	(1.6)	%

Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2021		2020
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating losses	$	81,499	$	59,417
Tax credits	15,510		11,922
Deferred revenue	466		824
Equity compensation	4,917		3,090
Lease liabilities	15,089		15,768
Accrued compensation	3,390		339
Bad debt	373		383
Other accrued expense	1,452		—
Other	301		1,234
Gross deferred tax assets	122,997		92,977
Less: Valuation allowance	(94,399)		(65,914)
Total deferred tax assets	28,598		27,063
Deferred tax liabilities:
Prepaid expenses	(12,576)		(11,082)
Right-of-use assets	(7,361)		(8,270)
Unbilled receivables	(1,248)		(2,559)
Depreciation	(3,892)		(4,221)
Intangible	(2,102)		—
Other	(603)		(512)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(27,782)		(26,644)
Net deferred tax asset	$	816	$	419

Summary of Income Tax Contingencies

The following table summarizes the activity related to our unrecognized tax benefit from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021 (in thousands):


Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	1,039
Additions for tax positions in current years	536
Additions for tax positions in prior years	—
Reductions due to lapse in statutes of limitations	—
Settlements	—
Balance as of December 31, 2019	1,575
Additions for tax positions in current years	702
Additions for tax positions in prior years	—
Reductions due to lapse in statutes of limitations	—
Settlements	—
Balance as of December 31, 2020	2,277
Additions for tax positions in current years	812
Additions for tax positions in prior years	—
Reductions due to lapse in statutes of limitations	—
Settlements	—
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	3,089

Accrued Expenses (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Schedule of Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2021		2020
Accrued hosting costs	$	1,995	$	1,229
Accrued labor costs	891		908
Accrued marketing and tradeshow expenses	1,167		596
Accrued audit and tax expenses	439		370
Accrued taxes payable	550		—
Accrued legal costs	5,511		760
Accrued reimbursable employee expenses	870		231
Accrued third party license fees	1,066		570
Accrued capital expenditures	379		—
Other accrued expenses	2,615		1,157
Total	$	15,483	$	5,821

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Revenue
Total revenue	$ 369,259	$ 304,573	$ 260,352
Cost of revenue
Total cost of revenue	104,093	88,766	93,841
Gross profit	265,166	215,807	166,511
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	167,852	130,316	117,440
Research and development	97,517	70,241	58,043
General and administrative	83,704	53,152	41,496
Total operating expenses	349,073	253,709	216,979
Operating loss	(83,907)	(37,902)	(50,468)
Other expense (income)
Other expense (income), net	3,584	(5,786)	(941)
Interest expense	372	478	367
Total other expense (income)	3,956	(5,308)	(574)
Loss before income taxes	(87,863)	(32,594)	(49,894)
Income tax expense	778	883	820
Net loss	$ (88,641)	$ (33,477)	$ (50,714)
Net loss per share:
Basic (in dollar per share)	$ (1.25)	$ (0.48)	$ (0.77)
Diluted (in dollar per share)	$ (1.25)	$ (0.48)	$ (0.77)
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic (in shares)	71,036,490	69,050,565	65,479,327
Diluted (in shares)	71,036,490	69,050,565	65,479,327
Subscriptions
Revenue
Total revenue	$ 263,738	$ 198,710	$ 151,299
Cost of revenue
Total cost of revenue	27,330	20,826	17,098
Professional services
Revenue
Total revenue	105,521	105,863	109,053
Cost of revenue
Total cost of revenue	$ 76,763	$ 67,940	$ 76,743

Significant Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Detail) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2020 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Sep. 30, 2019 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) agency segment	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Number of government agencies \| agency			3
Tenant improvement allowance receivable			$ 2.0
Tenant improvement allowance received			$ 0.9
Capitalized contract cost, amortization period			5 years
Commission expense			$ 32.4	$ 23.3	$ 15.7
Number of reportable segments \| segment			1
Number of operating segments \| segment			1
Foreign currency transaction gains (losses)			$ (3.7)	4.3	(0.2)
Advertising expenses			$ 4.4	$ 6.0	$ 4.1
Period One
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Restricted cash, percentage of restricted cash to lapse			25
Restricted cash, lapse duration			2 months
Period Two
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Restricted cash, percentage of restricted cash to lapse			75
Customer Concentration Risk \| Sales Revenue, Net \| Foreign Customers
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage			34.00%	33.80%	32.30%
Customer Concentration Risk \| Sales Revenue, Net \| Government Agencies
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage			19.60%	18.10%	17.10%
Customer Concentration Risk \| Sales Revenue, Net \| Federal Government Agencies
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage			5.60%	6.60%	7.40%
Class A Common Stock \| Underwritten Public Offering
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Number of shares issued in public offering (in shares) \| shares	2,500,000	2,329,000
Number of shares issued by the company in public offering (in shares) \| shares	1,931,206	1,825,000
Number of shares issued by shareholders in public offering (in shares) \| shares	568,794	504,000
Sale of stock, offering price (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 56.50	$ 55.70
Net proceeds from public offering	$ 107.9	$ 101.3

Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	Dec. 31, 2021
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation	Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements and footnotes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) as contained in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”).
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in these consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although we believe the estimates we use are reasonable, due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making these estimates, actual results reported in future periods could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates embedded in the consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition, income taxes and the related valuation allowance, the valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, leases, costs to obtain a contract with a customer, the valuation of financial instruments, and stock-based compensation. The ongoing outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”) has resulted in the declaration of a global pandemic and introduced a level of disruption and uncertainty into the financial markets and global economy. While we continue to monitor the developments surrounding the pandemic, as of the date of issuance of these financial statements, we are not aware of any specific events or circumstances that would require us to update our estimates, assumptions, and judgments or revise the carrying value of our assets or liabilities. We cannot estimate the impacts COVID-19 may have on our business going forward as such impacts will be largely dependent upon a number of factors outside of our control including the extent and duration of the outbreak as well as any mitigating actions which may be undertaken by global governments and the general public.
Principles of Consolidation	Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Appian and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Revenue Recognition	Revenue Recognition Refer to Note 3 for a detailed discussion on specific revenue recognition principles related to our major revenue streams. Cost of Revenue Subscriptions Cost of subscriptions revenue consists primarily of fees paid to our third-party managed hosting providers and other third-party service providers, personnel costs such as payroll and benefits for our technology operations and customer support teams, and allocated facility costs and overhead. Professional Services Cost of professional services revenue includes all direct and indirect costs to deliver our professional services and training, including employee compensation for our global professional services and training personnel, third-party contractor costs, allocated facility costs and overhead, and the costs of billable expenses such as travel and lodging. The unpredictability of the timing of entering into significant professional services agreements sold on a standalone basis may cause significant fluctuations in our quarterly financial results and allocated facility costs and overhead. Revenue Recognition We generate subscriptions revenue primarily through the sale of software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services as well as term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support. We generate professional services revenue from fees for our consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance as well as training related to our platform. Performance Obligations and Timing of Revenue Recognition We primarily sell products and services that fall into the categories discussed below. Each category contains one or more performance obligations that are either (1) capable of being distinct (i.e., the customer can benefit from the product or service on its own or together with readily available resources, including those purchased separately from us) and distinct within the context of the contract (i.e., separately identified from other promises in the contract) or (2) a series of distinct products or services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Our term license subscriptions are delivered at a point in time while our SaaS subscriptions, maintenance and support, and professional services are delivered over time. Subscriptions Revenue Subscriptions revenue is primarily related to (1) SaaS subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services and (2) term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support. We generally charge subscription fees on a per-user basis or through non-user based single application licenses. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance on an annual, quarterly, or monthly basis. In certain instances, our customers have paid their entire contract up front. SaaS Subscriptions We generate cloud-based subscription revenue primarily from the sales of subscriptions to access our cloud offering, together with related support services to our customers. We perform all required maintenance and support for our cloud offering. Revenue is recognized on a ratable basis over the contract term beginning on the date the service is made available to the customer. Our cloud-based subscription contracts generally have a term of one to three years in length. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance, and they are non-cancellable. Term License Subscriptions Our term license subscription revenue is derived from customers with on-premises installations of our platform pursuant to contracts that were historically one to three years in length. The majority of recent contracts have been one year in length. Although term license subscriptions are sold with maintenance and support, the software is fully functional at the beginning of the subscription and is considered a distinct performance obligation. On rare occasions, a cloud-based subscription may include the right for the customer to take possession of the license and as such, the revenue is treated as a license. Revenue from term license subscriptions is recognized when control of the software license has transferred to the customer, which is the later of delivery or commencement of the contract term. Maintenance and Support Maintenance and support subscriptions include both technical support and when-and-if-available software upgrades, which are treated as a single performance obligation as they are considered a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same duration and measure of progress. Revenue from maintenance and support is recognized ratably over the contract period, which is the period over which the customer has continuous access to maintenance and support. Professional Services Revenue Our professional services revenue is comprised of fees for consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance as well as training services related to our platform. Our professional services are considered distinct performance obligations when sold standalone or with other products. Consulting Services We sell consulting services to assist customers in planning and executing the deployment of our software. Customers are not required to use consulting services to fully benefit from the software. Consulting services are regularly sold on a standalone basis and either (1) under a fixed-fee arrangement or (2) on a time and materials basis. Consulting contracts are each considered separate performance obligations because they do not integrate with each other or with other products and services to deliver a combined output to the customer, do not modify or customize (or are not modified or customized by) each other or other products and services, and do not affect the customer's ability to use the other consulting offerings or other products and services. Revenue under consulting contracts is recognized over time as services are delivered. For time and materials-based consulting contracts, we have elected the practical expedient of recognizing revenue upon invoicing since the invoiced amount corresponds directly to the value of our service to date. Training Services We sell various training services to our customers. Training services are sold in the form of prepaid training credits that are redeemed based on a fixed rate per course. Training revenue is recognized when the associated training services are delivered. Significant Judgments and Estimates Determining the Transaction Price The transaction price includes both fixed and variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable a significant reversal will not occur. The amount of variable consideration excluded from the transaction price for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was insignificant. Our estimates of variable consideration are also subject to subsequent true-up adjustments and may result in changes to transaction prices; however, such true-up adjustments are not expected to be material. Allocating the Transaction Price Based on Standalone Selling Prices (“SSP”) We allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in a contract based on its relative SSP. The SSP is the observable price at which we sell the product or service separately. In the absence of observable pricing, we estimate SSP using the residual approach. We establish SSP as follows: 1.SaaS subscriptions - Given the highly variable selling price of our SaaS subscriptions, we establish the SSP of our SaaS subscriptions using a residual approach after first determining the SSP of consulting and training services. We have concluded the residual approach to estimating SSP of our SaaS subscriptions is an appropriate allocation of the transaction price. 2.Term license subscriptions - Given the highly variable selling price of our term license subscriptions, we have established SSP of term license subscriptions using a residual approach after first determining the SSP of maintenance and support. Maintenance and support is sold on a standalone basis in conjunction with renewals of our legacy perpetual software licenses and within a narrow range of the net license fee. Because an economic relationship exists between the license and maintenance and support, we have concluded the residual approach to estimating SSP of term license subscriptions is an appropriate allocation of the transaction price. 3.Maintenance and support - We establish the SSP of maintenance and support as a percentage of the stated net subscription fee based on observable pricing of maintenance and support renewals from our legacy perpetual software licenses. 4.Consulting and training services - The SSP of consulting and training services is established based on the observable pricing of standalone sales within each geographic region where the services are sold. Contract Balances Timing may differ between the satisfaction of performance obligations and the invoicing and collection of amounts related to our contracts with customers. Contract assets primarily relate to unbilled amounts for contracts with customers for which the amount of revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Contract assets are transferred to accounts receivable when the right to invoice becomes unconditional.
Concentration of Credit and Customer Risk	Concentration of Credit and Customer Risk Our financial instruments exposed to concentration of credit and customer risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, and our short- and long-term investments. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits; however, we believe the financial institutions holding our cash deposits are financially sound and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these balances. With regard to our customers, credit evaluation and account monitoring procedures are used to minimize the risk of loss. We believe no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection loss are inherent in accounts receivable.
Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash	Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash We consider all highly liquid investments with an original or remaining maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase, as well as overnight repurchase agreements, to be cash equivalents. Restricted cash consists of cash designated to settle an escrow liability stemming from a holdback agreement enacted pursuant to our acquisition of Lana Labs. The restriction on 25% of the balance will lapse on the later of either two months following the establishment of Lana Labs' annual financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021 or October 31, 2022. The restrictions on the remaining 75% of the balance will lapse on August 11, 2023.
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and Non-Trade Receivables	Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful AccountsAccounts receivable are stated at realizable value, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on our assessment of the collectability of accounts and incorporates an estimation of expected lifetime credit losses on our receivables. We regularly review the composition of the accounts receivable aging, historical bad debts, changes in payment patterns, customer creditworthiness, and current economic trends. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in their inability to make required payments, additional provisions for doubtful accounts would be required and would increase bad debt expense.Non-Trade ReceivableWe record non-trade receivables to reflect amounts due for activities other than sales of subscriptions to our platform and professional services. Our non-trade receivables relate largely to receivables resulting from the tenant improvement allowance granted to us for the build out of the fourth floor of our headquarters.
Assets Recognized from the Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer	Assets Recognized from the Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer We capitalize costs of obtaining a contract with a customer, including sales commissions paid to our direct sales team, that are incremental costs to obtaining customer contracts. These costs are recorded as deferred commissions in the consolidated balance sheets. Costs to obtain a contract for a new customer or upsell are amortized over an estimated economic life of five years as sales commissions on initial sales are not commensurate with sales commissions on contract renewals. We determine the estimated economic life based on both qualitative and quantitative factors such as expected renewals, product life cycles, contractual terms, and customer attrition. We periodically review the carrying amount of deferred contract acquisition costs to determine whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that could impact the estimated economic life. Commissions paid relating to contract renewals are deferred and amortized over the related renewal period. We also capitalize the incremental fringe benefits associated with commission expenses paid to our direct sales team. Costs to obtain a contract for professional services arrangements are expensed as incurred as the contractual period of our professional services arrangements are one year or less. Amortization associated with deferred commission is recorded to sales and marketing costs in our consolidated statements of operations.
Property and Equipment	Property and Equipment Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Significant additions or improvements extending the useful life of an asset are capitalized, while repairs and maintenance costs which do not significantly improve the related assets or extend their useful lives are charged to expense as incurred.
Business Combinations	Business Combinations We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting as of the business combination date. Under this method, we allocate the fair value of purchase consideration to identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. The excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill and represents the future economic benefits expected to arise from other intangible assets acquired that do not qualify for separate recognition, including assembled workforce, non-contractual relationships, and expected future synergies. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires us to use significant judgments and estimates, including the selection of valuation methodologies, estimates of future revenue, costs, and cash flows, and discount rates. During the measurement period, which can be up to one year from the acquisition date, these estimates may be refined, as necessary, and we may record adjustments to the fair value of tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or the final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of operations. Acquisition related expenses and post-acquisition integration costs are recognized separately from the business combination and are expensed as incurred. Acquired property and equipment is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the assets' respective estimated remaining useful lives.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets	Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets and certain intangible assets are reviewed for impairment at least annually or more frequently whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable through undiscounted cash flows from the use of the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the assets are written down to their estimated fair value. With respect to goodwill, we have the option to qualitatively assess whether it is more likely than not the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If we elect to perform a qualitative assessment and conclude it is more likely than not the fair value of the reporting unit is equal to or greater than its carrying value, no further assessment of that reporting unit’s goodwill is necessary; otherwise, goodwill must be tested for impairment. Absent a specifically identified triggering event, we historically perform our annual assessment on the first day of the fourth quarter.
Stock-Based Compensation	Stock-Based Compensation We account for stock-based compensation expense related to stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the award on the grant date. We calculate the fair value of stock options containing only a service condition using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) is based on the closing market price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant. For service-based awards such as RSUs, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For performance-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized using the accelerated attribution method based on the probability of satisfying the performance condition. For awards that contain market conditions, compensation expense is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation and recognized using the accelerated attribution method over the derived service period based on the expected market performance as of the grant date. We account for forfeitures as they occur rather than estimating expected forfeitures.
Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share	Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share We compute net loss per common share using the two-class method required for multiple classes of common stock and participating securities. The rights, including the liquidation and dividend rights, of the Class A common stock and Class B common stock are substantially identical, other than voting and conversion rights. Accordingly, the Class A common stock and Class B common stock share equally in our net losses. Basic net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period increased by common shares that could be issued upon the conversion or exercise of other outstanding securities to the extent those additional common shares would be dilutive. The dilutive effect of potentially dilutive securities is reflected in diluted net loss per share by application of the treasury stock method.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes in which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be reversed. We recognize the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates as income and expense in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established if it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Our tax positions are subject to income tax audits by multiple tax jurisdictions throughout the world. We recognize the tax benefit of an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not the position is sustainable upon examination by the taxing authority. We measure the tax benefit recognized as the largest amount of benefit which is more likely than not to be realized upon settlement with the taxing authority. We recognize penalties and interest related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. We calculate the current and deferred income tax provision based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from the actual results reflected in income tax returns filed in subsequent years and record adjustments based on filed income tax returns when identified. The amount of income taxes paid is subject to examination by U.S. federal, state, and foreign tax authorities. The estimate of the potential outcome of any uncertain tax issue is subject to our assessment of relevant risks, facts, and circumstances existing at that time. To the extent the assessment of such tax position changes, we record the change in estimate in the period in which we make that determination.
Segment Reporting	Segment ReportingOperating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. Our CODM is our Chief Executive Officer, who reviews financial information on a consolidated basis when deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. Accordingly, we have determined we have one reportable segment and operating unit structure.
Foreign Currency	Foreign Currency Our operations located outside of the United States where the local currency is the functional currency are translated into U.S. dollars using the current rate method. Results of operations are translated at the average rate of exchange for the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at the closing rates on the balance sheet date. Gains and losses on translation of these accounts are accumulated and reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity and other comprehensive income. Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions are recognized in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as a component of Other expense (income), net.
Research and Development	Research and DevelopmentResearch and development expenses include payroll, employee benefits, and other headcount-related costs associated with product development. Our product utilizes a common codebase, whether accessed by customers via the cloud or via an on-premises installation. Since our software is sold and licensed externally, we consider our software as external-use software for purposes of applying the capitalized software development guidance. Product development costs are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established, which we define as the completion of all planning, designing, coding, and testing activities necessary to establish products that meet design specifications including functions, features, and technical performance requirements. We have determined technological feasibility for our software products is reached shortly before they are released for sale. Costs incurred after technological feasibility is established are not significant, and accordingly we expense all research and development costs when incurred.
Advertising Expenses	Advertising ExpensesWe expense advertising costs as they are incurred.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements	Recent Accounting Pronouncements Adopted In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which amends and aims to simplify accounting disclosure requirements regarding a number of topics including, but not limited to, intraperiod tax allocations, accounting for deferred taxes when there are changes in the consolidation of certain investments, tax basis step ups in an acquisition, and the application of effective rate changes during interim periods. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. The adoption of the new guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform - Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (Topic 848), which provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens of the expected market transition from LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR). This guidance is effective upon issuance and generally can be applied through the end of calendar year 2022. The adoption of the new guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which aims to improve the accounting for acquired revenue contracts with customers in a business combination. The ASU requires an entity to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted including in interim periods. Refer to Note 5 for further details on the impact of adopting this new guidance.
Leases	At the inception of an arrangement, we determine whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present and the classification of the lease. Operating leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as ROU assets, lease liabilities, and, if applicable, long-term lease liabilities. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. We have elected not to recognize on our consolidated balance sheets leases with a term of one year or less. For contracts with lease and non-lease components, we have elected not to allocate the contract consideration but rather to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. Lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. The implicit rates within most of our leases are generally not determinable; therefore, we use the incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of lease payments. The determination of our incremental borrowing rate requires judgment and is estimated for each lease based on the rate we would have to pay for a collateralized loan with the same term and payments as the lease. We consider various factors, including our level of collateralization, estimated credit rating, and the currency in which the lease is denominated. Operating lease ROU assets also include any lease prepayments, offset by lease incentives. Certain of our leases include options to extend or terminate the lease. An option to extend the lease is considered in connection with determining the ROU asset and lease liability when it is reasonably certain we will exercise that option while an option to terminate is considered unless it is reasonably certain we will not exercise the option. For certain equipment leases, we apply a portfolio approach to effectively account for the operating lease ROU assets and liabilities. Expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term as an operating expense while the expense for finance leases is recognized as depreciation expense and interest expense. We have lease agreements which require payments for lease and non-lease components (i.e., common area maintenance) that are accounted for as a single lease component. Variable lease payment amounts that cannot be determined at the commencement of the lease, such as maintenance costs based on future obligations, are not included in ROU assets or lease liabilities but rather are expensed as incurred and recorded as variable lease expense.
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value Measurements We use a three-tier fair value hierarchy to classify and disclose all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial measurement. The hierarchy requires us to use observable inputs when available and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. The three tiers are defined as follows: •Level 1. Observable inputs based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities; •Level 2. Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and •Level 3. Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which require us to develop our own assumptions. The asset or liability’s fair value measurement level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Valuation techniques maximize the use of relevant observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. There were no instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The valuation techniques that may be used to measure fair value are as follows: •Market approach - Uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities; •Income approach - Uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present amount based on current market expectations about those future amounts; and •Cost approach - Based on the amount that currently would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (i.e., replacement cost).
Investments	InvestmentsOur investment portfolio consists largely of debt investments classified as available-for-sale. Changes in the fair value of available-for-sale securities, excluding other-than-temporary impairments, are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss).

Significant Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

The following table presents a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Cash and cash equivalents	$	100,796	$	112,462	$	159,755
Restricted cash, current	791		—		—
Restricted cash, non-current	2,373		—		—
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	103,960	$	112,462	$	159,755

Schedule of Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts was as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Balance as of January 1	$	1,400	$	600	$	600
Additions	410		984		99
Less write-offs, net of recoveries	(410)		(184)		(99)
Balance as of December 31	$	1,400	$	1,400	$	600

Summary of Capitalized Contract Costs

The following table summarizes the activity of costs to obtain a contract with a customer for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Balance as of January 1	$	52,097	$	43,522	$	29,108
Adoption of ASC 606	—		—		5,094
Additional contract costs deferred	51,283		31,898		25,004
Amortization of deferred contract costs	(29,695)		(23,323)		(15,684)
Balance as of December 31	$	73,685	$	52,097	$	43,522

Useful Lives of Major Asset Categories

The following table outlines the useful lives of our major asset categories:


Asset Category						Useful Life (in years)
Computer software						3
Computer hardware						3
Equipment						5
Office furniture and fixtures						10
Leasehold improvements						(a)

(a) - Leasehold improvements have an estimated useful life of the shorter of the useful life of the assets or the lease term.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment	Common Stock	Additional Paid-In Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated Deficit Cumulative Effect, Period of Adoption, Adjustment
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2018			63,916,437
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2018	$ 73,192	$ 60,941	$ 6	$ 218,284	$ 542	$ (145,640)	$ 60,941
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	(50,714)					(50,714)
Issuance of common stock from public offering, net of issuance costs (in shares)			1,825,000
Issuance of common stock from public offering, net of issuance costs	$ 101,303			101,303
Issuance of common stock to directors (in shares)			10,654
Vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)			521,460
Exercise of stock options (in shares)	1,194,471		1,194,471
Exercise of stock options	$ 4,899			4,899
Stock-based compensation expense	16,443			16,443
Other comprehensive loss	(827)				(827)
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2019			67,468,022
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2019	205,237		$ 6	340,929	(285)	(135,413)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	(33,477)					(33,477)
Issuance of common stock from public offering, net of issuance costs (in shares)			1,931,206
Issuance of common stock from public offering, net of issuance costs	$ 107,915		$ 1	107,914
Issuance of common stock to directors (in shares)			7,942
Vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)			270,609
Exercise of stock options (in shares)	1,001,411		1,001,411
Exercise of stock options	$ 6,376			6,376
Stock-based compensation expense	15,279			15,279
Other comprehensive loss	(4,725)				(4,725)
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020			70,679,190
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2020	296,605		$ 7	470,498	(5,010)	(168,890)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	$ (88,641)					(88,641)
Issuance of common stock to directors (in shares)			4,950
Vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)			354,130
Exercise of stock options (in shares)	423,824		423,824
Exercise of stock options	$ 2,786			2,786
Stock-based compensation expense	23,844			23,844
Other comprehensive loss	(677)				(677)
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021			71,462,094
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 233,917		$ 7	$ 497,128	$ (5,687)	$ (257,531)

Subsequent Events (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
Subsequent Events (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Jan. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options		$ 2,786	$ 6,376	$ 4,899
Subsequent Event \| Chief Executive Officer \| 2019 CEO Grant
Subsequent Event [Line Items]
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options	$ 23,800

Property and Equipment, net

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property and Equipment, net

7. Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2021		2020
Leasehold improvements	$	41,005	$	36,263
Office furniture and fixtures	2,536		2,521
Computer hardware	6,001		4,535
Computer software	1,353		1,352
Equipment	124		49
Property and equipment, gross	51,019		44,720
Less: accumulated depreciation	(14,106)		(9,316)
Property and equipment, net	$	36,913	$	35,404

Depreciation expense totaled $4.9 million, $5.4 million, and $4.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we retired $0.1 million of leasehold improvements, and $0.1 million losses on disposal were recorded. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we retired $1.3 million of leasehold improvements, $0.2 million of computer hardware, and $0.1 million of office furniture and fixtures, and nominal losses on disposal were recorded.

Significant Accounting Policies - Useful Lives of Major Asset Categories (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021
Computer software
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	3 years
Computer hardware
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	3 years
Equipment
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	5 years
Office furniture and fixtures
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life	10 years

Significant Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Significant Accounting Policies

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements and footnotes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) as contained in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”).

We adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASC

606”), the new revenue recognition guidance, on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective method. Under this method

of adoption, we recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening

balance of accumulated deficit and applied the new standard only to contracts that were not completed prior to January 1, 2019.

For fiscal years 2018 and prior, revenue was recognized under ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition (“ASC 605”).

Use of Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in these consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although we believe the estimates we use are reasonable, due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making these estimates, actual results reported in future periods could differ from those estimates.

Significant estimates embedded in the consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition, income taxes and the related valuation allowance, the valuation of goodwill and intangible assets, leases, costs to obtain a contract with a customer, the valuation of financial instruments, and stock-based compensation.

The ongoing outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”) has resulted in the declaration of a global pandemic and introduced a level of disruption and uncertainty into the financial markets and global economy. While we continue to monitor the developments surrounding the pandemic, as of the date of issuance of these financial statements, we are not aware of any specific events or circumstances that would require us to update our estimates, assumptions, and judgments or revise the carrying value of our assets or liabilities. We cannot estimate the impacts COVID-19 may have on our business going forward as such impacts will be largely dependent upon a number of factors outside of our control including the extent and duration of the outbreak as well as any mitigating actions which may be undertaken by global governments and the general public.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Appian and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Public Offerings

In June 2020, we completed an underwritten public offering of 2,500,000 shares of our Class A common stock, of which 1,931,206 shares of Class A common stock were sold by us and 568,794 shares of Class A common stock were sold by existing stockholders. The underwriter purchased the shares from us and the selling stockholders at a price of $56.50 per share. Our net proceeds from the offering were $107.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. We did not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of shares by the selling stockholders.

In September 2019, we completed an underwritten public offering of 2,329,000 shares of our Class A common stock, of which 1,825,000 shares of Class A common stock were sold by us and 504,000 shares of Class A common stock were sold by existing stockholders. The underwriter purchased the shares from us and the selling stockholders at a price of $55.70 per share. Our net proceeds from the offering were $101.3 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses. We did not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of shares by the selling stockholders.

Revenue Recognition

Refer to Note 3 for a detailed discussion on specific revenue recognition principles related to our major revenue streams.

Cost of Revenue

Subscriptions

Cost of subscriptions revenue consists primarily of fees paid to our third-party managed hosting providers and other third-party service providers, personnel costs such as payroll and benefits for our technology operations and customer support teams, and allocated facility costs and overhead.

Professional Services

Cost of professional services revenue includes all direct and indirect costs to deliver our professional services and training, including employee compensation for our global professional services and training personnel, third-party contractor costs, allocated facility costs and overhead, and the costs of billable expenses such as travel and lodging. The unpredictability of the timing of entering into significant professional services agreements sold on a standalone basis may cause significant fluctuations in our quarterly financial results and allocated facility costs and overhead.

Concentration of Credit and Customer Risk

Our financial instruments exposed to concentration of credit and customer risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, and our short- and long-term investments. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits; however, we believe the financial institutions holding our cash deposits are financially sound and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these balances.

With regard to our customers, credit evaluation and account monitoring procedures are used to minimize the risk of loss. We believe no additional credit risk beyond amounts provided for collection loss are inherent in accounts receivable. Revenue generated from government agencies represented 19.6%, 18.1%, and 17.1% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, of which the top three U.S. federal government agencies generated 5.6%, 6.6%, and 7.4% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Additionally, 34.0%, 33.8%, and 32.3% of our revenue during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively, was generated from foreign customers.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

We consider all highly liquid investments with an original or remaining maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase, as well as overnight repurchase agreements, to be cash equivalents. Restricted cash consists of cash designated to settle an escrow liability stemming from a holdback agreement enacted pursuant to our acquisition of Lana Labs. The restriction on 25% of the balance will lapse on the later of either two months following the establishment of Lana Labs' annual financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021 or October 31, 2022. The restrictions on the remaining 75% of the balance will lapse on August 11, 2023.

The following table presents a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Cash and cash equivalents	$	100,796	$	112,462	$	159,755
Restricted cash, current	791		—		—
Restricted cash, non-current	2,373		—		—
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	103,960	$	112,462	$	159,755

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable are stated at realizable value, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on our assessment of the collectability of accounts and incorporates an estimation of expected lifetime credit losses on our receivables. We regularly review the composition of the accounts receivable aging, historical bad debts, changes in payment patterns, customer creditworthiness, and current economic trends. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in their inability to make required payments, additional provisions for doubtful accounts would be required and would increase bad debt expense.

Activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts was as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Balance as of January 1	$	1,400	$	600	$	600
Additions	410		984		99
Less write-offs, net of recoveries	(410)		(184)		(99)
Balance as of December 31	$	1,400	$	1,400	$	600

Non-Trade Receivable

We record non-trade receivables to reflect amounts due for activities other than sales of subscriptions to our platform and professional services. Our non-trade receivables relate largely to receivables resulting from the tenant improvement allowance granted to us for the build out of the fourth floor of our headquarters. The balance of the tenant improvement allowance receivable was $2.0 million as of December 31, 2021 and was classified within Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. We have received $0.9 million of the tenant improvement allowance as of December 31, 2021.

Assets Recognized from the Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer

We capitalize costs of obtaining a contract with a customer, including sales commissions paid to our direct sales team, that are incremental costs to obtaining customer contracts. These costs are recorded as deferred commissions in the consolidated balance sheets. Costs to obtain a contract for a new customer or upsell are amortized over an estimated economic life of five years as sales commissions on initial sales are not commensurate with sales commissions on contract renewals. We determine the estimated economic life based on both qualitative and quantitative factors such as expected renewals, product life cycles, contractual terms, and customer attrition. We periodically review the carrying amount of deferred contract acquisition costs to determine whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that could impact the estimated economic life. Commissions paid relating to contract renewals are deferred and amortized over the related renewal period. We also capitalize the incremental fringe benefits associated with commission expenses paid to our direct sales team. Costs to obtain a contract for professional services arrangements are expensed as incurred as the contractual period of our professional services arrangements are one year or less.

Amortization associated with deferred commission is recorded to sales and marketing costs in our consolidated statements of operations. The following table summarizes the activity of costs to obtain a contract with a customer for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Balance as of January 1	$	52,097	$	43,522	$	29,108
Adoption of ASC 606	—		—		5,094
Additional contract costs deferred	51,283		31,898		25,004
Amortization of deferred contract costs	(29,695)		(23,323)		(15,684)
Balance as of December 31	$	73,685	$	52,097	$	43,522

Commission expense was $32.4 million, $23.3 million, and $15.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Significant additions or improvements extending the useful life of an asset are capitalized, while repairs and maintenance costs which do not significantly improve the related assets or extend their useful lives are charged to expense as incurred.

The following table outlines the useful lives of our major asset categories:


Asset Category						Useful Life (in years)
Computer software						3
Computer hardware						3
Equipment						5
Office furniture and fixtures						10
Leasehold improvements						(a)

(a) - Leasehold improvements have an estimated useful life of the shorter of the useful life of the assets or the lease term.

Business Combinations

We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting as of the business combination date. Under this method, we allocate the fair value of purchase consideration to identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their estimated fair values on the acquisition date. The excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill and represents the future economic benefits expected to arise from other intangible assets acquired that do not qualify for separate recognition, including assembled workforce, non-contractual relationships, and expected future synergies. Determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires us to use significant judgments and estimates, including the selection of valuation methodologies, estimates of future revenue, costs, and cash flows, and discount rates.

During the measurement period, which can be up to one year from the acquisition date, these estimates may be refined, as necessary, and we may record adjustments to the fair value of tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or the final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to our consolidated statements of operations. Acquisition related expenses and post-acquisition integration costs are recognized separately from the business combination and are expensed as incurred. Acquired property and equipment is depreciated on a straight-line basis over the assets' respective estimated remaining useful lives.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets and certain intangible assets are reviewed for impairment at least annually or more frequently whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable through undiscounted cash flows from the use of the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the assets are written down to their estimated fair value.

With respect to goodwill, we have the option to qualitatively assess whether it is more likely than not the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If we elect to perform a qualitative assessment and conclude it is more likely than not the fair value of the reporting unit is equal to or greater than its carrying value, no further assessment of that reporting unit’s goodwill is necessary; otherwise, goodwill must be tested for impairment. Absent a specifically identified triggering event, we historically perform our annual assessment on the first day of the fourth quarter.

Because we operate under one reporting unit, the fair value of our reporting unit is based on our enterprise value. No indicators of impairment were identified for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019.

Investments and Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Refer to Note 17 for a detailed discussion on our policies specific to investments and determining fair value.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation expense related to stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value of the award on the grant date. We calculate the fair value of stock options containing only a service condition using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) is based on the closing market price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant. For service-based awards such as RSUs, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For performance-based awards, stock-based compensation expense is recognized using the accelerated attribution method based on the probability of satisfying the performance condition. For awards that contain market conditions, compensation expense is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation and recognized using the accelerated attribution method over the derived service period based on the expected market performance as of the grant date. We account for forfeitures as they occur rather than estimating expected forfeitures.

Leases

Refer to Note 4 for a detailed discussion on our policies specific to leasing arrangements.

Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share

We compute net loss per common share using the two-class method required for multiple classes of common stock and participating securities. The rights, including the liquidation and dividend rights, of the Class A common stock and Class B common stock are substantially identical, other than voting and conversion rights. Accordingly, the Class A common stock and Class B common stock share equally in our net losses.

Basic net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period increased by common shares that could be issued upon the conversion or exercise of other outstanding securities to the extent those additional common shares would be dilutive. The dilutive effect of potentially dilutive securities is reflected in diluted net loss per share by application of the treasury stock method.

Due to net losses for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, basic and diluted net loss per share were the same as the effect of potentially dilutive securities would have been antidilutive.

Income Taxes

We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes in which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be reversed. We recognize the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates as income and expense in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established if it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized.

Our tax positions are subject to income tax audits by multiple tax jurisdictions throughout the world. We recognize the tax benefit of an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not the position is sustainable upon examination by the taxing authority. We measure the tax benefit recognized as the largest amount of benefit which is more likely than not to be realized upon settlement with the taxing authority. We recognize penalties and interest related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense.

We calculate the current and deferred income tax provision based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from the actual results reflected in income tax returns filed in subsequent years and record adjustments based on filed income tax returns when identified. The amount of income taxes paid is subject to examination by U.S. federal, state, and foreign tax authorities. The estimate of the potential outcome of any uncertain tax issue is subject to our assessment of relevant risks, facts, and circumstances existing at that time. To the extent the assessment of such tax position changes, we record the change in estimate in the period in which we make that determination.

Segment Reporting

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. Our CODM is our Chief Executive Officer, who reviews financial information on a consolidated basis when deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. Accordingly, we have determined we have one reportable segment and operating unit structure.

Foreign Currency

Our operations located outside of the United States where the local currency is the functional currency are translated into U.S. dollars using the current rate method. Results of operations are translated at the average rate of exchange for the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at the closing rates on the balance sheet date. Gains and losses on translation of these accounts are accumulated and reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity and other comprehensive income.

Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions are recognized in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as a component of Other expense (income), net. Transaction gains and losses from transactions denominated in foreign currencies resulted in net transaction losses of $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, net transaction gains of $4.3 million, and net transaction losses of $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses include payroll, employee benefits, and other headcount-related costs associated with product development. Our product utilizes a common codebase, whether accessed by customers via the cloud or via an on-premises installation. Since our software is sold and licensed externally, we consider our software as external-use software for purposes of applying the capitalized software development guidance. Product development costs are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established, which we define as the completion of all planning, designing, coding, and testing activities necessary to establish products that meet design specifications including functions, features, and technical performance requirements. We have determined technological feasibility for our software products is reached shortly before they are released for sale. Costs incurred after technological feasibility is established are not significant, and accordingly we expense all research and development costs when incurred.

Advertising Expenses

We expense advertising costs as they are incurred. Advertising expenses were $4.4 million, $6.0 million, and $4.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Adopted

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which amends and aims to simplify accounting disclosure requirements regarding a number of topics including, but not limited to, intraperiod tax allocations, accounting for deferred taxes when there are changes in the consolidation of certain investments, tax basis step ups in an acquisition, and the application of effective rate changes during interim periods. This guidance is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. The adoption of the new guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform - Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (Topic 848), which provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the GAAP guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens of the expected market transition from LIBOR and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR). This guidance is effective upon issuance and generally can be applied through the end of calendar year 2022. The adoption of the new guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which aims to improve the accounting for acquired revenue contracts with customers in a business combination. The ASU requires an entity to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with Topic 606. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted including in interim periods. Refer to Note 5 for further details on the impact of adopting this new guidance.

Debt	12 Months Ended
Debt	Dec. 31, 2021
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Debt	9. Debt Line of Credit In November 2017, we entered into a $20.0 million revolving line of credit with a lender with an original maturity date of November 2022. In December 2021, we executed the first loan modification agreement which extended the revolving line of credit's maturity date to November 2025 and amended certain borrowing terms and financial covenants. Under the amended agreement, we may elect whether amounts drawn on the revolving line of credit bear interest on the outstanding principal amount at a rate per annum equal to either a) the Prime rate plus an additional interest rate margin or b) the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) plus an additional interest rate margin that is determined by the availability of the borrowings under the revolving line of credit. The additional interest rate margin will range from 0.75% to 1.25% in the case of Prime rate advances and from 1.75% to 2.25% in the case of SOFR rate advances. The revolving line of credit contains an unused facility fee up to 0.20% of the average unused portion of the revolving line of credit, which is payable quarterly. The agreement contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants and requires us to maintain (i) an adjusted quick ratio of at least 1.35 to 1.00 subject to a net cash threshold as set forth in the agreement and (ii) minimum adjusted EBITDA, in the amounts and for the periods set forth in the agreement. Any amounts borrowed under the credit facility are collateralized by substantially all of our assets. We were in compliance with all covenants as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, we had no outstanding borrowings under this revolving line of credit, and we had outstanding letters of credit totaling $11.2 million in connection with securing our leased office space.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for information about short-term and long-term debt arrangements, which includes amounts of borrowings under each line of credit, note payable, commercial paper issue, bonds indenture, debenture issue, own-share lending arrangements and any other contractual agreement to repay funds, and about the underlying arrangements, rationale for a classification as long-term, including repayment terms, interest rates, collateral provided, restrictions on use of assets and activities, whether or not in compliance with debt covenants, and other matters important to users of the financial statements, such as the effects of refinancing and noncompliance with debt covenants.

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+ Details

Investments and Fair Value Measurements - Amortized Cost Basis and Fair Value of Debt Securities by Contractual Maturity (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Cost Basis
Due in one year or less	$ 93,497	$ 153,483
Due after one year through five years	12,049	36,128
Cost Basis	105,546	189,611
Fair Value
Due in one year or less	93,480	153,469
Due after one year through five years	12,044	36,120
Fair Value	$ 105,524	$ 189,589

Income Taxes - Unrecognized Tax Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 2,277	$ 1,575	$ 1,039
Additions for tax positions in current years	812	702	536
Additions for tax positions in prior years	0	0	0
Reductions due to lapse in statutes of limitations	0	0	0
Settlements	0	0	0
Ending balance	$ 3,089	$ 2,277	$ 1,575

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Amortization of Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
2022	$ 1,604
2023	1,552
2024	1,552
2025	1,234
2026	794
Thereafter	408
Total projected amortization expense	$ 7,144	$ 1,744

Revenue - Revenue by Services (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 369,259	$ 304,573	$ 260,352
Total subscriptions
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	263,738	198,710	151,299
SaaS subscriptions
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	179,415	129,219	95,028
Term license subscriptions
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	63,203	51,415	40,428
Maintenance and support
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	21,120	18,076	15,843
Professional services
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 105,521	$ 105,863	$ 109,053

- Definition

Amount, excluding tax collected from customer, of revenue from satisfaction of performance obligation by transferring promised good or service to customer. Tax collected from customer is tax assessed by governmental authority that is both imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue-producing transaction, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added and excise.

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+ Details

Revenue (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Summary of Revenue by Services

The following table summarizes revenue from contracts with customers for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
SaaS subscriptions	$	179,415	$	129,219	$	95,028
Term license subscriptions	63,203		51,415		40,428
Maintenance and support	21,120		18,076		15,843
Total subscriptions	263,738		198,710		151,299
Professional services	105,521		105,863		109,053
Total revenue	$	369,259	$	304,573	$	260,352

Property and Equipment, net - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Depreciation and amortization expense	$ 4,900	$ 5,400	$ 4,700
Gain (loss) on disposal of property and equipment	(79)	(22)	$ (146)
Leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Disposal of property plant and equipment	$ 100	1,300
Computer hardware
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Disposal of property plant and equipment		200
Office furniture and fixtures
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Disposal of property plant and equipment		$ 100

Leases - Additional Information (Details) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
Leases - Additional Information (Details) $ in Thousands	Nov. 30, 2021 ft² office	Oct. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2020 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2019 USD ($)	Jul. 01, 2020 USD ($)	Jan. 31, 2020 ft²	Feb. 28, 2019 ft²	Apr. 30, 2018 ft²
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Operating leases, renewal term			10 years
Number of square feet \| ft²							34,158		176,222
Lease term (in months)									150 months
Number of additional square feet \| ft²								28,805
Operating right-of-use assets			$ 27,897	$ 30,659		$ 7,900
Operating lease liabilities			56,894	58,117		$ 7,900
Number of office spaces \| office	2
Optional sublease extension period	1 year
Payments to the finance leases lessor		$ 2,700	0	3,822	$ 653
Amortization of operating right-of-use assets			1,400	1,600
Interest expense on operating right-of-use liabilities			$ 5,300	$ 1,900
Occupancy Commencing on May 1, 2023
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Number of square feet \| ft²	25,925
Occupancy Commencing on September 1, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Number of square feet \| ft²	32,883
Minimum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Operating leases, remaining lease terms			2 years
Maximum
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Operating leases, remaining lease terms			10 years

Revenue - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Contract assets balances	$ 14.0	$ 20.1
Revenue recognized	114.2
Unsatisfied performance obligations	285.5
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2022-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Unsatisfied performance obligations	$ 189.6
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period	12 months
Minimum
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
SaaS subscriptions contracts term	1 year
Term license subscription contracts term	1 year
Maximum
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
SaaS subscriptions contracts term	3 years
Term license subscription contracts term	3 years

Debt - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	1 Months Ended
Debt - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($)	Nov. 30, 2017	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Outstanding letters of credit		$ 11,200,000	$ 11,200,000
Revolving Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Credit facility	$ 20,000,000
Line of credit, outstanding borrowings		$ 0
Minimum
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Quick ratio	135.00%
Minimum \| Prime Rate
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Interest rate margin	0.75%
Minimum \| SOFR
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Interest rate margin	1.75%
Maximum
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Unused credit facility fee	0.20%
Maximum \| Prime Rate
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Interest rate margin	1.25%
Maximum \| SOFR
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Interest rate margin	2.25%

Stockholders' Equity (Detail)	12 Months Ended
Stockholders' Equity (Detail)	Dec. 31, 2021 vote $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2020 $ / shares shares
Class A Common Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock, par value (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	39,964,298	38,971,324
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	39,964,298	38,971,324
Number of votes entitled to stockholders per share \| vote	1
Conversion of stock (in shares)	1
Maximum percentage of aggregate voting power of capital stock which triggers conversion of stock	10.00%
Class B Common Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, par value (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	31,497,796	31,707,866
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	31,497,796	31,707,866
Number of votes entitled to stockholders per share \| vote	10

Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share - Summary of Securities Excluded From Calculation of Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding (Detail) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Stock options
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potentially dilutive securities outstanding (in shares)	2,953,356	3,399,240	4,458,611
Non-vested restricted stock units
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potentially dilutive securities outstanding (in shares)	1,209,529	1,165,003	1,022,835

Accrued Expenses (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Accrued hosting costs	$ 1,995	$ 1,229
Accrued labor costs	891	908
Accrued marketing and tradeshow expenses	1,167	596
Accrued audit and tax expenses	439	370
Accrued taxes payable	550	0
Accrued legal costs	5,511	760
Accrued reimbursable employee expenses	870	231
Accrued third party license fees	1,066	570
Accrued capital expenditures	379	0
Other accrued expenses	2,615	1,157
Total	$ 15,483	$ 5,821

Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Restricted Stock Unit Activity (Detail) - Non-vested restricted stock units - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Number of Shares
Non-vested and outstanding, beginning balance (in shares)	1,165,003	1,022,835	1,175,049
Granted (in shares)	488,462	589,692	436,912
Vested (in shares)	(354,130)	(270,609)	(521,460)
Forfeited (in shares)	(89,806)	(176,915)	(67,666)
Non-vested and outstanding, ending balance (in shares)	1,209,529	1,165,003	1,022,835
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested and outstanding, beginning balance (in usd per share)	$ 46.04	$ 31.39	$ 26.04
Granted (in usd per share)	108.98	60.47	40.70
Vested (in usd per share)	43.39	31.29	27.81
Forfeited (in usd per share)	62.72	32.01	26.38
Non-vested and outstanding, ending balance (in usd per share)	$ 70.99	$ 46.04	$ 31.39

Investments and Fair Value Measurements - Components of Investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Cost Basis	$ 105,546	$ 189,611
Unrealized Gains (Losses)	(22)	(22)
Market Value	105,524	189,589
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	38,301	43,643
Short-term Investments and Marketable Securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	55,179	109,826
Long-term Investments
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	12,044	36,120
Level 1 \| Money market fund
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Cost Basis	38,301	27,150
Unrealized Gains (Losses)	0	0
Market Value	38,301	27,150
Level 1 \| Money market fund \| Cash and Cash Equivalents
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	38,301	27,150
Level 1 \| Money market fund \| Short-term Investments and Marketable Securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	0	0
Level 1 \| Money market fund \| Long-term Investments
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	0	0
Level 1 \| U.S. Treasury bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Cost Basis	8,171	24,445
Unrealized Gains (Losses)	0	(3)
Market Value	8,171	24,442
Level 1 \| U.S. Treasury bonds \| Cash and Cash Equivalents
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	0	0
Level 1 \| U.S. Treasury bonds \| Short-term Investments and Marketable Securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	8,171	16,273
Level 1 \| U.S. Treasury bonds \| Long-term Investments
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	0	8,169
Level 2 \| Commercial paper
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Cost Basis	23,312	76,905
Unrealized Gains (Losses)	0	0
Market Value	23,312	76,905
Level 2 \| Commercial paper \| Cash and Cash Equivalents
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	0	16,493
Level 2 \| Commercial paper \| Short-term Investments and Marketable Securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	23,312	60,412
Level 2 \| Commercial paper \| Long-term Investments
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	0	0
Level 2 \| Corporate bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Cost Basis	20,107	34,738
Unrealized Gains (Losses)	(14)	(11)
Market Value	20,093	34,727
Level 2 \| Corporate bonds \| Cash and Cash Equivalents
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	0	0
Level 2 \| Corporate bonds \| Short-term Investments and Marketable Securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	8,049	27,542
Level 2 \| Corporate bonds \| Long-term Investments
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	12,044	7,185
Level 2 \| Asset-backed securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Cost Basis	15,655	26,373
Unrealized Gains (Losses)	(8)	(8)
Market Value	15,647	26,365
Level 2 \| Asset-backed securities \| Cash and Cash Equivalents
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	0	0
Level 2 \| Asset-backed securities \| Short-term Investments and Marketable Securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	15,647	5,599
Level 2 \| Asset-backed securities \| Long-term Investments
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Market Value	$ 0	$ 20,766

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 100,796	$ 112,462
Short-term investments and marketable securities	55,179	109,826
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $1,400 as of each of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020	130,049	97,278
Deferred commissions, current	24,668	17,899
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	26,781	27,955
Restricted cash, current	791	0
Total current assets	338,264	365,420
Property and equipment, net	36,913	35,404
Long-term investments	12,044	36,120
Goodwill	27,795	4,862
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $1,260 and $429 as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively	7,144	1,744
Operating right-of-use assets	27,897	30,659
Deferred commissions, net of current portion	49,017	34,198
Deferred tax assets	1,025	489
Restricted cash, net of current portion	2,373	0
Other assets	2,047	3,625
Total assets	504,519	512,521
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	5,766	2,967
Accrued expenses	15,483	5,821
Accrued compensation and related benefits	35,126	22,981
Deferred revenue, current	150,169	116,256
Operating lease liabilities, current	8,110	6,923
Other current liabilities	1,067	940
Total current liabilities	215,721	155,888
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	48,784	51,194
Deferred revenue, net of current portion	2,430	3,886
Deferred tax liabilities	209	70
Other non-current liabilities	3,458	4,878
Total liabilities	270,602	215,916
Commitments and contingent liabilities
Stockholders’ equity
Additional paid-in capital	497,128	470,498
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(5,687)	(5,010)
Accumulated deficit	(257,531)	(168,890)
Total stockholders’ equity	233,917	296,605
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	504,519	512,521
Class A Common Stock
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock	4	4
Class B Common Stock
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock	$ 3	$ 3

Significant Accounting Policies - Summary of Capitalized Contract Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Capitalized Contract Cost [Roll Forward]
Balance as of January 1	$ 52,097	$ 43,522	$ 29,108
Adoption of ASC 606	0	0	5,094
Additional contract costs deferred	51,283	31,898	25,004
Amortization of deferred contract costs	(29,695)	(23,323)	(15,684)
Balance as of December 31	$ 73,685	$ 52,097	$ 43,522

Segment and Geographic Information - Additional Information (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Sales Revenue, Net \| Geographic Concentration Risk \| UNITED KINGDOM
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Concentration risk, percentage	12.50%	12.20%

Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Earnings Per Share, Basic and Diluted

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 (in thousands, except share and per share data):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(88,641)	$	(33,477)	$	(50,714)
Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	71,036,490		69,050,565		65,479,327
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(1.25)	$	(0.48)	$	(0.77)

Summary of Securities Excluded From Calculation of Weighted Average Common Shares

The following outstanding securities, prior to the use of the treasury stock method or the if-converted method, have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding for the respective periods below because they would have been antidilutive:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021	2020	2019
Stock options	2,953,356	3,399,240	4,458,611
Non-vested restricted stock units	1,209,529	1,165,003	1,022,835

Investments and Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Investments and Fair Value Measurements

17. Investments and Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

We use a three-tier fair value hierarchy to classify and disclose all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial measurement. The hierarchy requires us to use observable inputs when available and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. The three tiers are defined as follows:

•Level 1. Observable inputs based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2. Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

•Level 3. Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, which require us to develop our own assumptions.

The asset or liability’s fair value measurement level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Valuation techniques maximize the use of relevant observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. There were no instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

The valuation techniques that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:

•Market approach - Uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities;

•Income approach - Uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present amount based on current market expectations about those future amounts; and

•Cost approach - Based on the amount that currently would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (i.e., replacement cost).

The carrying amounts of our cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate fair value as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 because of the relatively short duration of these instruments.

Investments

Our investment portfolio consists largely of debt investments classified as available-for-sale. Changes in the fair value of available-for-sale securities, excluding other-than-temporary impairments, are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss). Our investments as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (in thousands):


	As of December 31, 2021
	Fair Value Measurement							Balance Sheet Classification
	Fair Value Level	Cost Basis		Unrealized Gains (Losses)		Market Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-term Investments and Marketable Securities		Long-term Investments
Money market fund	Level 1	$	38,301	$	—	$	38,301	$	38,301	$	—	$	—
U.S. Treasury bonds	Level 1	8,171		—		8,171		—		8,171		—
Commercial paper	Level 2	23,312		—		23,312		—		23,312		—
Corporate bonds	Level 2	20,107		(14)		20,093		—		8,049		12,044
Asset-backed securities	Level 2	15,655		(8)		15,647		—		15,647		—
Total investments		$	105,546	$	(22)	$	105,524	$	38,301	$	55,179	$	12,044


	As of December 31, 2020
	Fair Value Measurement							Balance Sheet Classification
	Fair Value Level	Cost Basis		Unrealized Gains (Losses)		Market Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-Term Investments and Marketable Securities		Long-Term Investments
Money market fund	Level 1	$	27,150	$	—	$	27,150	$	27,150	$	—	$	—
U.S. Treasury bonds	Level 1	24,445		(3)		24,442		—		16,273		8,169
Commercial paper	Level 2	76,905		—		76,905		16,493		60,412		—
Corporate bonds	Level 2	34,738		(11)		34,727		—		27,542		7,185
Asset-backed securities	Level 2	26,373		(8)		26,365		—		5,599		20,766
Total investments		$	189,611	$	(22)	$	189,589	$	43,643	$	109,826	$	36,120

There were no Level 3 assets held at any point during the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. Additionally, there were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 during the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

The amortized cost basis and fair value of debt securities at December 31, 2021 and 2020, by contractual maturity, are as follows (in thousands):


	As of December 31, 2021
	Cost Basis		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	93,497	$	93,480
Due after one year through five years	12,049		12,044
Total investments	$	105,546	$	105,524


	As of December 31, 2020
	Cost Basis		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	153,483	$	153,469
Due after one year through five years	36,128		36,120
Total investments	$	189,611	$	189,589

Actual maturities may differ from the contractual maturities in the table above because borrowers have the right to call or prepay certain obligations.

Business Combinations - Schedule of Business Acquisitions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2021	Aug. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Jan. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Goodwill	$ 27,795		$ 4,862		$ 0
Lana Labs
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Cash acquired		$ 256
Other current assets		106
Property and equipment		59
Goodwill		24,521
Other non-current assets		27
Total assets acquired		31,693
Current liabilities		638
Non-current liabilities		38
Total liabilities assumed		676
Net assets acquired		31,017
Lana Labs \| Developed technology
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangibles		5,974
Lana Labs \| Customer relationships
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangibles		$ 750
Novayre
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Cash acquired				$ 731
Other current assets				213
Property and equipment				22
Goodwill				4,348
Other non-current assets				10
Total assets acquired				7,267
Current liabilities				14
Non-current liabilities				344
Total liabilities assumed				358
Net assets acquired				6,909
Novayre \| Developed technology
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangibles				1,537
Novayre \| Customer relationships
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangibles				$ 406

Leases (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Leases [Abstract]

Components of Lease Expense

The following table sets forth the components of lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020
Operating lease costs	$	6,619	$	6,649
Finance lease costs:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	—		1,242
Interest on lease liabilities	—		150
Short-term lease costs	149		565
Variable lease costs	2,713		281
Total	$	9,481	$	8,887

Supplemental Balance Sheet Information

Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was as follows (in thousands, except for lease term and discount rate):


	As of December 31,
	2021			2020
Operating right-of-use assets	$	27,897		$	30,659

Operating lease liabilities, current	$	8,110		$	6,923
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	48,784			51,194
Total operating lease liabilities	$	56,894		$	58,117

Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)	9.5			10.6

Weighted average discount rate	9.5		%	9.6		%

Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash outflows for operating leases	$	7,732	$	3,407	$	6,413
Operating cash outflows for finance leases	—		150		108
Financing cash outflows for finance leases	—		3,822		653
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases	—		—		523
Finance leases	—		—		4,475

Summary of Future Minimum Operating Lease Commitments

A summary of our future minimum lease commitments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2021 is as follows (in thousands):


	Operating Leases
2022	$	8,451
2023	8,309
2024	8,632
2025	9,329
2026	9,366
Thereafter	48,775
Total lease payments	92,862
Less: imputed interest	(35,968)
Total	$	56,894

Stock-Based Compensation - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	May 31, 2019	Nov. 30, 2018	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018	May 31, 2017
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock option granted (in shares)			0	0	700,000
Exercise price of stock options granted (in usd per share)			$ 0	$ 0	$ 33.98
Service period (in years)			4 years	4 years 10 months 24 days	5 years 9 months 18 days	6 years 4 months 24 days
Weighted average grant-date fair value (in usd per share)					$ 13.57
Vested in period, value			$ 10.8	$ 2.8	$ 2.0
Compensation cost related to nonvested stock options not yet recognized			$ 0.1
Unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock option recognized over weighted average period, in years			4 months 24 days
Non-vested restricted stock units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units			$ 76.2
Weighted average remaining vesting period			2 years 1 month 6 days
Grant of RSUs (in shares)			488,462	589,692	436,912
Fair value of shares granted (in usd per share)			$ 108.98	$ 60.47	$ 40.70
2017 Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares available to be issued (in shares)			3,920,861
2017 Plan \| Non-vested restricted stock units
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Value of award at grant date		$ 7.7
Grant of RSUs (in shares)		255,930
Fair value of shares granted (in usd per share)		$ 30.06
2017 Plan \| Class A Common Stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares available to be issued (in shares)			7,178,269				6,421,442
2007 Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares available to be issued (in shares)							421,442
Number of shares available for grants (in shares)							0
2019 CEO Grant
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting, consecutive days (in years)	90 days
Vesting, change in control period (in years)	5 years
Chief Executive Officer \| 2019 CEO Grant
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock option granted (in shares)	700,000
Exercise price of stock options granted (in usd per share)	$ 33.98
Share price (in usd per share)	$ 84.63
Value of award at grant date	$ 9.5
Service period (in years)	2 years 7 months 6 days
Accelerated cost expect to be recognized			$ 3.3

Leases - Components of Lease Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease costs	$ 6,619	$ 6,649
Amortization of right-of-use assets	0	1,242
Interest on lease liabilities	0	150
Short-term lease costs	149	565
Variable lease costs	2,713	281
Total	$ 9,481	$ 8,887

Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share - Computation of Net Loss per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Numerator:
Net loss	$ (88,641)	$ (33,477)	$ (50,714)
Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic (in shares)	71,036,490	69,050,565	65,479,327
Weighted average common shares outstanding, diluted (in shares)	71,036,490	69,050,565	65,479,327
Net loss per share, basic (in usd per share)	$ (1.25)	$ (0.48)	$ (0.77)
Net loss per share, diluted (in usd per share)	$ (1.25)	$ (0.48)	$ (0.77)

- Definition

The amount of net income (loss) for the period per each share of common stock or unit outstanding during the reporting period.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 815
-SubTopic 40
-Section 65
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (e)(4)
-URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=123482062&loc=SL123482106-238011

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 250
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 3
-URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=124431687&loc=d3e22583-107794

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 250
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 11
-Subparagraph (b)
-URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=124431687&loc=d3e22694-107794

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 260
-SubTopic 10
-Section 45
-Paragraph 10
-URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=125511455&loc=d3e1448-109256

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 250
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 4
-URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=124431687&loc=d3e22595-107794

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 250
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 11
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The amount of net income (loss) for the period available to each share of common stock or common unit outstanding during the reporting period and to each share or unit that would have been outstanding assuming the issuance of common shares or units for all dilutive potential common shares or units outstanding during the reporting period.

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The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.

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+ Details

Income Taxes - Schedule of Reconciliation of Statutory to Effective Income Tax Rate (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
U.S. federal statutory tax rate	21.00%	21.00%	21.00%
State tax expense	4.70%	18.20%	7.10%
Foreign rate differential	(4.10%)	(3.60%)	(5.10%)
Nondeductible expenses	(0.50%)	(0.60%)	(0.70%)
Foreign tax expense	(0.20%)	0.00%	0.00%
Equity compensation	7.00%	46.20%	12.00%
Tax credits	5.00%	12.00%	6.50%
Unrecognized tax benefits	(0.90%)	(2.20%)	(1.10%)
Change in tax rate	(1.20%)	0.00%	0.00%
Other	(0.10%)	(1.10%)	(0.80%)
Deferred adjustments	0.90%	(1.70%)	(1.60%)
Change in valuation allowance	(32.50%)	(90.90%)	(38.90%)
Total	(0.90%)	(2.70%)	(1.60%)

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible amortization expense	$ 0.8	$ 0.4
Developed technology
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangible asset, useful life	4 years 4 months 24 days
Customer relationships - Non-Robotic Process Automation (“RPA”)
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangible asset, useful life	9 years
Customer relationships - RPA
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangible asset, useful life	8 years

Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Assumptions Used to Estimate the Fair Value of Stock Options Granted

The following table summarizes the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019:

Year Ended December 31,

2021

2020

2019

Risk-free interest rate

2.1%

Expected term (in years)

2.6

Expected volatility

55.0%

Expected dividend yield

—%

* Not applicable because no stock options were granted during the period.

Summary of the Stock Option Activity

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019:


	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2018	5,021,068	$	7.30	6.4	$	97,440
Granted	700,000	33.98
Exercised	(1,194,471)	4.11			44,081
Forfeited	(67,986)	10.17
Outstanding at December 31, 2019	4,458,611	12.30		5.8	115,501
Granted	—	—
Exercised	(1,001,411)	6.39			81,181
Expired	(1,380)	11.82
Forfeited	(56,580)	11.33
Outstanding at December 31, 2020	3,399,240	14.06		4.9	503,174
Granted	—	—
Exercised	(423,824)	6.55			43,525
Expired	(4,100)	10.54
Forfeited	(17,960)	11.78
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	2,953,356	$	15.16	4.0	$	147,812

Exercisable at December 31, 2021	2,777,396	$	15.37	3.9	$	138,434

Schedule of Restricted Stock Unit Activity

The following table summarizes RSU activity for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019:


	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2018	1,175,049	$	26.04
Granted	436,912	40.70
Vested	(521,460)	27.81
Forfeited	(67,666)	26.38
Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2019	1,022,835	31.39
Granted	589,692	60.47
Vested	(270,609)	31.29
Forfeited	(176,915)	32.01
Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2020	1,165,003	46.04
Granted	488,462	108.98
Vested	(354,130)	43.39
Forfeited	(89,806)	62.72
Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2021	1,209,529	$	70.99

Schedule of Components of Stock-based Compensation Expense

The following table summarizes the components of our stock-based compensation expense by instrument type for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
RSUs	$	19,382	$	10,745	$	12,667
Stock options	3,839		4,164		3,408
Common stock awards to Board of Directors	623		370		368
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	23,844	$	15,279	$	16,443

Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense Included in Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Cost of revenue
Subscriptions	$	1,199	$	943	$	647
Professional services	3,131		1,477		2,748
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	5,426		2,821		4,742
Research and development	5,224		2,718		3,480
General and administrative	8,864		7,320		4,826
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	23,844	$	15,279	$	16,443

Organization and Description of Business	12 Months Ended
Organization and Description of Business	Dec. 31, 2021
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Organization and Description of Business	1. Organization and Description of Business Appian Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, “Appian,” the “Company,” “we,” or “our”) provides a low-code platform that accelerates the creation of high-impact business applications and workflows, enabling our customers to automate the most important aspects of their business. The Appian Low-Code Platform unifies the key capabilities needed to get work done faster: Process Mining + Workflow + Automation. Since 1999, industry leaders have trusted Appian and our open, enterprise-grade platform. Global organizations use our applications to improve customer experience, achieve operational excellence, and simplify global risk management and compliance. We were incorporated in the state of Delaware in August 1999. We are headquartered in McLean, Virginia and operate in Canada, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Australia, Spain, Singapore, Sweden, and Japan.

Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share

13. Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 (in thousands, except share and per share data):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(88,641)	$	(33,477)	$	(50,714)
Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	71,036,490		69,050,565		65,479,327
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(1.25)	$	(0.48)	$	(0.77)


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021	2020	2019
Stock options	2,953,356	3,399,240	4,458,611
Non-vested restricted stock units	1,209,529	1,165,003	1,022,835

Business Combinations (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

Schedule of Business Acquisitions

As of the acquisition date, the purchase price was assigned to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities as follows (in thousands):


Cash acquired	$	256
Other current assets	106
Property and equipment	59
Developed technology	5,974
Customer relationships	750
Goodwill	24,521
Other non-current assets	27
Total assets acquired	31,693
Current liabilities	638
Non-current liabilities	38
Total liabilities assumed	676
Net assets acquired	$	31,017

As of the acquisition date, the purchase price was assigned to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities as follows (in thousands):


Cash acquired	$	731
Other current assets	213
Property and equipment	22
Developed technology	1,537
Customer relationships	406
Goodwill	4,348
Other non-current assets	10
Total assets acquired	7,267
Current liabilities	14
Non-current liabilities	344
Total liabilities assumed	358
Net assets acquired	$	6,909

Accrued Expenses

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Accrued Expenses

8. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2021		2020
Accrued hosting costs	$	1,995	$	1,229
Accrued labor costs	891		908
Accrued marketing and tradeshow expenses	1,167		596
Accrued audit and tax expenses	439		370
Accrued taxes payable	550		—
Accrued legal costs	5,511		760
Accrued reimbursable employee expenses	870		231
Accrued third party license fees	1,066		570
Accrued capital expenditures	379		—
Other accrued expenses	2,615		1,157
Total	$	15,483	$	5,821

Income Taxes - Schedule of Income Tax Expense (Benefit) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Current:
Federal	$ 15	$ 11	$ 3
State	79	79	60
Foreign	1,156	977	1,091
Total current expense	1,250	1,067	1,154
Deferred:
Federal	0	0	0
State	0	0	0
Foreign	(472)	(184)	(334)
Total deferred benefit	(472)	(184)	(334)
Total income tax expense	$ 778	$ 883	$ 820

Business Combinations

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

Business Combinations

5. Business Combinations

Lana Labs

In August 2021, we acquired 100% of the outstanding common stock of Lana Labs, a developer of process mining software, for approximately $30.7 million, net of cash acquired and debt. The acquisition was made due to the attractive nature of the product offerings of Lana Labs and in furtherance of our objective to enhance our platform. The transaction was financed through available cash on hand.

The allocation of the purchase price is preliminary pending the finalization of the fair value of the acquired net assets, liabilities assumed, deferred income taxes, and any assumed income and non-income based tax liabilities. As of the acquisition date, the purchase price was assigned to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities as follows (in thousands):


Cash acquired	$	256
Other current assets	106
Property and equipment	59
Developed technology	5,974
Customer relationships	750
Goodwill	24,521
Other non-current assets	27
Total assets acquired	31,693
Current liabilities	638
Non-current liabilities	38
Total liabilities assumed	676
Net assets acquired	$	31,017

There were no changes to our reportable segments as a result of the acquisition. From the acquisition date to December 31, 2021, Lana Labs' revenue was $0.3 million and net loss before taxes was $2.6 million. Acquisition costs incurred in relation to the transaction were immaterial. We do not expect the purchase price allocated to goodwill and intangible assets to be deductible for tax purposes.

Measurement period adjustments recognized in the year ended December 31, 2021 included a $0.8 million adjustment to developed technology and goodwill related to an update to the discount rate utilized in our valuation of intangibles, a $0.1 million deferred tax adjustment, and an immaterial adjustment to working capital. Additionally, as a result of our early adoption of ASU 2021-08, deferred revenue as of the acquisition date increased by $0.3 million, $0.1 million of which was recognized as revenue through December 31, 2021.

Novayre Solutions SL

In January 2020, we acquired 100% of the outstanding common stock of Novayre Solutions SL (“Novayre”), a developer of a robotic process automation platform, for approximately $6.9 million. The acquisition was made due to the attractive nature of the product offerings of Novayre and in furtherance of our objective to enhance our platform. The transaction was financed through available cash on hand.

The allocation of the purchase price was based upon estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. As of the acquisition date, the purchase price was assigned to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities as follows (in thousands):


Cash acquired	$	731
Other current assets	213
Property and equipment	22
Developed technology	1,537
Customer relationships	406
Goodwill	4,348
Other non-current assets	10
Total assets acquired	7,267
Current liabilities	14
Non-current liabilities	344
Total liabilities assumed	358
Net assets acquired	$	6,909

There were no changes to our reportable segments as a result of the acquisition. Additionally, acquisition costs incurred in relation to the transaction were immaterial. We do not expect the purchase price allocated to goodwill and intangible assets to be deductible for tax purposes.

Property and Equipment, net - Schedule of Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 51,019	$ 44,720
Less: accumulated depreciation	(14,106)	(9,316)
Property and equipment, net	36,913	35,404
Leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	41,005	36,263
Office furniture and fixtures
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	2,536	2,521
Computer hardware
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	6,001	4,535
Computer software
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	1,353	1,352
Equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 124	$ 49

Subsequent Events	12 Months Ended
Subsequent Events	Dec. 31, 2021
Subsequent Events [Abstract]
Subsequent Events	18. Subsequent Events In January 2022, our Chief Executive Officer exercised the 2019 CEO Grant of stock options as described in Note 11. Pursuant to this exercise, we received cash proceeds from the exercise of common stock options totaling $23.8 million.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (88,641)	$ (33,477)	$ (50,714)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	5,743	5,851	4,742
Bad debt expense	410	984	99
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	79	22	146
Change in fair value of available-for-sale securities	0	22	0
Deferred income taxes	(498)	(184)	(334)
Stock-based compensation	23,844	15,279	16,443
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(33,904)	(33,559)	7,432
Prepaid expenses and other assets	2,094	3,740	8,972
Deferred commissions	(21,588)	(8,575)	(9,319)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	11,467	(4,238)	(4,039)
Accrued compensation and related benefits	12,598	11,801	(3,072)
Other liabilities	(444)	3,681	1,318
Deferred revenue	33,378	27,626	12,573
Operating lease assets and liabilities	1,544	3,407	6,827
Net cash used in operating activities	(53,918)	(7,620)	(8,926)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of investments	(41,870)	(145,968)	0
Payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired	(30,729)	(6,138)	0
Proceeds from investments	120,593	0	0
Purchases of property and equipment	(6,058)	(1,251)	(32,421)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	41,936	(153,357)	(32,421)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Principal payments on finance leases	0	(3,822)	(653)
Proceeds from public offerings, net of underwriting discounts	0	108,260	101,653
Payments of costs related to public offerings	0	(346)	(350)
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options	2,786	6,376	4,899
Net cash provided by financing activities	2,786	110,468	105,549
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	694	3,216	623
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(8,502)	(47,293)	64,825
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period	112,462	159,755	94,930
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	103,960	112,462	159,755
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	323	165	331
Cash paid for income taxes	1,505	1,182	356
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing information:
Accrued capital expenditures	379	0	0
Finance lease obligations to acquire new office furniture and fixtures and computer hardware	$ 0	$ 0	$ 4,475

Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

10. Income Taxes

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, our loss before income taxes was comprised of the following (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Domestic	$	(48,743)	$	(25,463)	$	(32,091)
Foreign	(39,120)		(7,131)		(17,803)
Total	$	(87,863)	$	(32,594)	$	(49,894)

For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, our income tax expense (benefit) was comprised of the following (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Current:
Federal	$	15	$	11	$	3
State	79		79		60
Foreign	1,156		977		1,091
Total current expense	1,250		1,067		1,154
Deferred:
Federal	—		—		—
State	—		—		—
Foreign	(472)		(184)		(334)
Total deferred benefit	(472)		(184)		(334)
Total income tax expense	$	778	$	883	$	820


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
U.S. federal statutory tax rate	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%
State tax expense	4.7		18.2		7.1
Foreign rate differential	(4.1)		(3.6)		(5.1)
Nondeductible expenses	(0.5)		(0.6)		(0.7)
Foreign tax expense	(0.2)		—		—
Equity compensation	7.0		46.2		12.0
Tax credits	5.0		12.0		6.5
Unrecognized tax benefits	(0.9)		(2.2)		(1.1)
Change in tax rate	(1.2)		—		—
Other	(0.1)		(1.1)		(0.8)
Deferred adjustments	0.9		(1.7)		(1.6)
Change in valuation allowance	(32.5)		(90.9)		(38.9)
Total	(0.9)	%	(2.7)	%	(1.6)	%

The effective tax rate of (0.9)% in 2021 includes $28.5 million of tax expense attributable to the change in the valuation allowance in the United States, Switzerland, and Germany (Lana Labs GmbH), partially offset by $10.5 million of favorable excess tax benefits for equity compensation and research credits.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2021		2020
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating losses	$	81,499	$	59,417
Tax credits	15,510		11,922
Deferred revenue	466		824
Equity compensation	4,917		3,090
Lease liabilities	15,089		15,768
Accrued compensation	3,390		339
Bad debt	373		383
Other accrued expense	1,452		—
Other	301		1,234
Gross deferred tax assets	122,997		92,977
Less: Valuation allowance	(94,399)		(65,914)
Total deferred tax assets	28,598		27,063
Deferred tax liabilities:
Prepaid expenses	(12,576)		(11,082)
Right-of-use assets	(7,361)		(8,270)
Unbilled receivables	(1,248)		(2,559)
Depreciation	(3,892)		(4,221)
Intangible	(2,102)		—
Other	(603)		(512)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(27,782)		(26,644)
Net deferred tax asset	$	816	$	419

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had $239.9 million and $183.9 million of gross net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards for U.S. federal tax purposes, respectively. U.S. federal NOL carryforwards in the amount of $24.4 million, gross, generated prior to 2018 will expire, if unused, in 2037. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “TCJA”), as modified by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), federal NOL carryforwards generated in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 may be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2021, we had $215.5 million of gross NOL carryforwards generated after 2017 for U.S. federal tax purposes, which may be used to offset 80% of our taxable income annually.

Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code limits the utilization of NOL carryforwards when ownership changes occur, as defined by that section. A number of states have similar state laws that limit utilization of state NOL carryforwards when ownership changes occur. We have performed an analysis of our Section 382 ownership changes and have determined all U.S. federal and state NOL carryforwards are available for use as of December 31, 2021.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had $13.7 million and $10.5 million, respectively, of U.S. federal tax credit carryforwards which will expire, if unused, between 2031 and 2041.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had U.S. gross state NOL carryforwards of $249.8 million and $177.2 million, respectively. We had tax effected state NOL carryforwards of $14.1 million and $11.2 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The rules regarding carryforwards vary from state to state, and the ability to utilize NOLs varies based on timing and amount. The majority of state NOL carryforwards generated prior to 2018 will expire, if unused, in 2037. Due to the TCJA, certain state NOL carryforwards generated after 2017 have an indefinite carryforward period.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had foreign gross NOL carryforwards of $126.6 million and $78.6 million, respectively, primarily attributable to our subsidiary in Switzerland. Those NOL carryforwards will begin to expire, if unused, between 2022 to 2029.

The net change in the total valuation allowance during the year ended December 31, 2021 was $28.5 million, primarily driven by the valuation allowance recorded against the United States, Switzerland, and Germany (Lana Labs GmbH) deferred tax assets.

As of December 31, 2021, we continued to maintain a full valuation allowance against U.S. deferred tax assets based on our cumulative operating results as of December 31, 2021, three-year cumulative loss, and assessment of our expected future results of operations. We have evaluated all evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing the likelihood of realizability, and we determined the negative evidence outweighed the positive evidence.

As of December 31, 2021, we have a valuation allowance of $14.8 million against foreign deferred tax assets, primarily for deferred tax assets at our subsidiary in Switzerland and Germany. Based on our cumulative operating results as of December 31, 2021 and assessment of our expected future results of operations, we determined it was not more likely than not that we would be able to realize the deferred tax assets prior to expiration.

We plan to distribute previously undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries back to the United States in future years. Upon repatriation of those earnings, if any, we may be subject to taxes, including withholding taxes, net of any applicable foreign tax credits. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred U.S. income tax liability is not practicable.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had unrecognized tax benefits of $3.1 million and $2.3 million, respectively, none of which would affect our effective tax rate if recognized due to the valuation allowance. The following table summarizes the activity related to our unrecognized tax benefit from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021 (in thousands):


Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	1,039
Additions for tax positions in current years	536
Additions for tax positions in prior years	—
Reductions due to lapse in statutes of limitations	—
Settlements	—
Balance as of December 31, 2019	1,575
Additions for tax positions in current years	702
Additions for tax positions in prior years	—
Reductions due to lapse in statutes of limitations	—
Settlements	—
Balance as of December 31, 2020	2,277
Additions for tax positions in current years	812
Additions for tax positions in prior years	—
Reductions due to lapse in statutes of limitations	—
Settlements	—
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	3,089

We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, we recognized nominal amounts in interest. The cumulative balance of interest and penalties as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 were not meaningful.

We anticipate total unrecognized tax benefits will not decrease over the next year.

We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and in various state and foreign jurisdictions. Due to the NOL carryforward, tax years 2016 through 2021 remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions to which we are subject. There are no open examinations that would have a meaningful impact to our consolidated financial statements.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 21
-URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32857-109319

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Section S99
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (SAB Topic 11.C)
-URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=122134291&loc=d3e330215-122817

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 17
-Subparagraph (b)
-URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32809-109319

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SAB TOPIC 6.I.5.Q1)
-URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=122134291&loc=d3e330036-122817

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 10
-Section 50
-Paragraph 14
-URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=121826272&loc=d3e32705-109319

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 270
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6424409&loc=d3e44925-109338

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 740
-URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2144680

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 740
-SubTopic 30
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (a)
-URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6424122&loc=d3e41874-109331

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Publisher FASB
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 235
-SubTopic 10
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(h)(2))
-URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=120395691&loc=d3e23780-122690

+ Details

Significant Accounting Policies - Schedule of Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 100,796	$ 112,462	$ 159,755
Restricted cash, current	791	0	0
Restricted cash, non-current	2,373	0	0
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$ 103,960	$ 112,462	$ 159,755	$ 94,930

Commitments and Contingencies	12 Months Ended
Commitments and Contingencies	Dec. 31, 2021
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments and Contingencies	14. Commitments and Contingencies Contractual Warranty and Indemnification Obligations We provide limited product warranties. Historically, any payments made under these provisions have been immaterial. We also agree to standard indemnification provisions in the ordinary course of business. Pursuant to these provisions, we agree to indemnify, hold harmless, and reimburse the indemnified party for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party, generally our customers, in connection with certain intellectual property infringement claims by any third party arising from the use of our products or services in accordance with the agreement. The term of our contractual indemnity provisions often survives termination or expiration of the applicable agreement. We carry insurance that covers certain third-party claims relating to our services and limits our exposure. We have never incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification provisions. Minimum Purchase Commitments In July 2021, we executed a non-cancellable cloud hosting arrangement with Amazon Web Services (“AWS”) that contains provisions for minimum purchase commitments. Specifically, purchase commitments under the agreement total $131.0 million over five years, including $22.0 million in the first year, $25.0 million in the second year, and $28.0 million in each of the third, fourth, and fifth years. The timing of payments under the agreement may vary, and the total amount of payments may exceed the minimum depending on the volume of services utilized. Spending under this agreement for the year ended December 31, 2021 totaled $11.8 million. Exclusive of the AWS contract, we have other non-cancellable agreements for subscription software products that contain provisions stipulating minimum purchase commitments. However, the annual purchase commitments under these contracts are, individually and in the aggregate, immaterial to our consolidated statements of operations. Letters of Credit At each of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had outstanding letters of credit totaling $11.2 million in connection with securing our leased office space. All letters of credit are secured by our borrowing arrangement as described in Note 9. Legal From time to time, we are subject to legal, regulatory, and other proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. There are no issues or resolutions of any matters expected to have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial statements. Other Commitments We also have entered into a non-cancellable agreement for the use of technology that is integral in the development of our software and pay annual royalty fees of $0.3 million.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill was comprised of the following as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	Carrying Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	—
Goodwill acquired	4,348
Foreign currency translation adjustments	514
Balance as of December 31, 2020	$	4,862
Goodwill acquired	24,521
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(1,588)
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	27,795

Intangible assets, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2021		2020
Developed technology	$	7,271	$	1,719
Customer relationships - Non-Robotic Process Automation (“RPA”)	872		172
Customer relationships - RPA	261		282
Intangible assets, gross	8,404		2,173
Less: accumulated amortization	(1,260)		(429)
Intangible assets, net	$	7,144	$	1,744

Intangible amortization expense was $0.8 million and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, the weighted average remaining amortization periods for developed technology, non-RPA customer relationships, and RPA customer relationships were approximately 4.4 years, 9.0 years, and 8.0 years, respectively.

The projected annual amortization expense related to amortizable intangible assets as of December 31, 2021 is as follows (in thousands):


Year Ended December 31,
2022	$	1,604
2023	1,552
2024	1,552
2025	1,234
2026	794
Thereafter	408
Total projected amortization expense	$	7,144

Significant Accounting Policies - Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable [Roll Forward]
Balance as of January 1	$ 1,400	$ 600	$ 600
Additions	410	984	99
Less write-offs, net of recoveries	(410)	(184)	(99)
Balance as of December 31	$ 1,400	$ 1,400	$ 600

Leases

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

4. Leases

As of December 31, 2021, we have operating leases for corporate offices. Our operating leases have remaining lease terms of roughly two years to 10 years, some of which include options to extend the leases for up to an additional 10 years.

Right-of-Use (“ROU”) Assets and Lease Liabilities

At the inception of an arrangement, we determine whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present and the classification of the lease. Operating leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as ROU assets, lease liabilities, and, if applicable, long-term lease liabilities. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. We have elected not to recognize on our consolidated balance sheets leases with a term of one year or less. For contracts with lease and non-lease components, we have elected not to allocate the contract consideration but rather to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.

Lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. The implicit rates within most of our leases are generally not determinable; therefore, we use the incremental borrowing rate at the lease commencement date to determine the present value of lease payments. The determination of our incremental borrowing rate requires judgment and is estimated for each lease based on the rate we would have to pay for a collateralized loan with the same term and payments as the lease. We consider various factors, including our level of collateralization, estimated credit rating, and the currency in which the lease is denominated. Operating lease ROU assets also include any lease prepayments, offset by lease incentives. Certain of our leases include options to extend or terminate the lease. An option to extend the lease is considered in connection with determining the ROU asset and lease liability when it is reasonably certain we will exercise that option while an option to terminate is considered unless it is reasonably certain we will not exercise the option. For certain equipment leases, we apply a portfolio approach to effectively account for the operating lease ROU assets and liabilities.

Headquarters Lease

In April 2018, we entered into a lease agreement with respect to 176,222 square feet of office space in McLean, Virginia for a new corporate headquarters. The initial term of the lease was 150 months. We took initial possession of the first phase of the new headquarters in October 2018 and began to recognize rent expense as of that date. In February 2019, we took possession of an additional 28,805 square feet of adjacent office space.

In January 2020, we entered into an amendment which adjusted the original terms of the headquarters lease. Under this amendment, we exercised an option to expand occupancy, adding 34,158 square feet of office space. Occupancy of the added space commenced on October 14, 2020. The amendment is considered a modification to the original lease and is accounted for as a separate contract because it represents a new ROU asset and the lease costs on the new space are charged at prevailing market rates. Effective July 1, 2020, we took possession of the space, began to recognize rent expense, and recorded a $7.9 million ROU asset and lease liability on our consolidated balance sheets.

In November 2021, we entered into a third amendment to our headquarters lease, in which we exercised an option to expand occupancy into two adjacent office spaces of 32,883 and 25,925 square feet, with occupancy to commence on September 1, 2022 and May 1, 2023, respectively. Concurrent with the amendment, we also entered into a sublease agreement in which we agreed to sublease 32,883 square feet of space effective September 1, 2022. The sublease terminates on August 31, 2025 but may be extended one additional year at the sublessee’s option. The amendment is considered a modification to the

original lease and each space is accounted for as a separate contract because it represents a new ROU asset and the lease costs charged on the new spaces are at prevailing market rates. As of December 31, 2021, we have not taken possession of either space nor met the criteria for the leases and sublease to be considered commenced. Accordingly, we have not reported an ROU asset or liability on our consolidated balance sheets nor have recorded expense or sublease income on our consolidated statements of operations in relation to the additional spaces.

Paydown of Finance Leases

In October 2020, we paid the full $2.7 million principal balances outstanding under our finance leases pursuant to an option permitting us to pay such balances in full at any time. As of the date of the paydown, the titles to the assets were transferred to us, the associated lease liabilities were retired, the carrying values of the purchased assets were adjusted, and the assets were reclassified from finance leases to property and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets.

Lease Costs

Expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term as an operating expense while the expense for finance leases is recognized as depreciation expense and interest expense. We have lease agreements which require payments for lease and non-lease components (i.e., common area maintenance) that are accounted for as a single lease component. Variable lease payment amounts that cannot be determined at the commencement of the lease, such as maintenance costs based on future obligations, are not included in ROU assets or lease liabilities but rather are expensed as incurred and recorded as variable lease expense.

The following table sets forth the components of lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020
Operating lease costs	$	6,619	$	6,649
Finance lease costs:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	—		1,242
Interest on lease liabilities	—		150
Short-term lease costs	149		565
Variable lease costs	2,713		281
Total	$	9,481	$	8,887

Supplemental Lease Information

Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was as follows (in thousands, except for lease term and discount rate):


	As of December 31,
	2021			2020
Operating right-of-use assets	$	27,897		$	30,659

Operating lease liabilities, current	$	8,110		$	6,923
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	48,784			51,194
Total operating lease liabilities	$	56,894		$	58,117

Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)	9.5			10.6

Weighted average discount rate	9.5		%	9.6		%

For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, amortization of operating ROU assets totaled $1.4 million and $1.6 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, interest expense on operating ROU liabilities totaled $5.3 million and $1.9 million, respectively.

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash outflows for operating leases	$	7,732	$	3,407	$	6,413
Operating cash outflows for finance leases	—		150		108
Financing cash outflows for finance leases	—		3,822		653
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases	—		—		523
Finance leases	—		—		4,475

A summary of our future minimum lease commitments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2021 is as follows (in thousands):


	Operating Leases
2022	$	8,451
2023	8,309
2024	8,632
2025	9,329
2026	9,366
Thereafter	48,775
Total lease payments	92,862
Less: imputed interest	(35,968)
Total	$	56,894

Leases

4. Leases

Right-of-Use (“ROU”) Assets and Lease Liabilities

Headquarters Lease

Paydown of Finance Leases

Lease Costs

The following table sets forth the components of lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020
Operating lease costs	$	6,619	$	6,649
Finance lease costs:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	—		1,242
Interest on lease liabilities	—		150
Short-term lease costs	149		565
Variable lease costs	2,713		281
Total	$	9,481	$	8,887

Supplemental Lease Information

Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was as follows (in thousands, except for lease term and discount rate):


	As of December 31,
	2021			2020
Operating right-of-use assets	$	27,897		$	30,659

Operating lease liabilities, current	$	8,110		$	6,923
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	48,784			51,194
Total operating lease liabilities	$	56,894		$	58,117

Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)	9.5			10.6

Weighted average discount rate	9.5		%	9.6		%

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash outflows for operating leases	$	7,732	$	3,407	$	6,413
Operating cash outflows for finance leases	—		150		108
Financing cash outflows for finance leases	—		3,822		653
ROU assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases	—		—		523
Finance leases	—		—		4,475

A summary of our future minimum lease commitments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2021 is as follows (in thousands):


	Operating Leases
2022	$	8,451
2023	8,309
2024	8,632
2025	9,329
2026	9,366
Thereafter	48,775
Total lease payments	92,862
Less: imputed interest	(35,968)
Total	$	56,894

Leases - Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Oct. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Leases [Abstract]
Operating cash outflows for operating leases		$ 7,732	$ 3,407	$ 6,413
Operating cash outflows for finance leases		0	150	108
Financing cash outflows for finance leases	$ 2,700	0	3,822	653
ROU assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations		0	0	523
ROU assets obtained in exchange for finance lease obligations		$ 0	$ 0	$ 4,475

Revenue

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue

3. Revenue

Revenue Recognition

We generate subscriptions revenue primarily through the sale of software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services as well as term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support. We generate professional services revenue from fees for our consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance as well as training related to our platform.

The following table summarizes revenue from contracts with customers for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
SaaS subscriptions	$	179,415	$	129,219	$	95,028
Term license subscriptions	63,203		51,415		40,428
Maintenance and support	21,120		18,076		15,843
Total subscriptions	263,738		198,710		151,299
Professional services	105,521		105,863		109,053
Total revenue	$	369,259	$	304,573	$	260,352

Performance Obligations and Timing of Revenue Recognition

We primarily sell products and services that fall into the categories discussed below. Each category contains one or more performance obligations that are either (1) capable of being distinct (i.e., the customer can benefit from the product or service on its own or together with readily available resources, including those purchased separately from us) and distinct within the context of the contract (i.e., separately identified from other promises in the contract) or (2) a series of distinct products or services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Our term license subscriptions are delivered at a point in time while our SaaS subscriptions, maintenance and support, and professional services are delivered over time.

Subscriptions Revenue

Subscriptions revenue is primarily related to (1) SaaS subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services and (2) term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support. We generally charge subscription fees on a per-user basis or through non-user based single application licenses. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance on an annual, quarterly, or monthly basis. In certain instances, our customers have paid their entire contract up front.

SaaS Subscriptions

We generate cloud-based subscription revenue primarily from the sales of subscriptions to access our cloud offering, together with related support services to our customers. We perform all required maintenance and support for our cloud offering. Revenue is recognized on a ratable basis over the contract term beginning on the date the service is made available to the customer. Our cloud-based subscription contracts generally have a term of one to three years in length. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance, and they are non-cancellable.

Term License Subscriptions

Our term license subscription revenue is derived from customers with on-premises installations of our platform pursuant to contracts that were historically one to three years in length. The majority of recent contracts have been one year in length. Although term license subscriptions are sold with maintenance and support, the software is fully functional at the beginning of the subscription and is considered a distinct performance obligation. On rare occasions, a cloud-based subscription may include the right for the customer to take possession of the license and as such, the revenue is treated as a license. Revenue from term license subscriptions is recognized when control of the software license has transferred to the customer, which is the later of delivery or commencement of the contract term.

Maintenance and Support

Maintenance and support subscriptions include both technical support and when-and-if-available software upgrades, which are treated as a single performance obligation as they are considered a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same duration and measure of progress. Revenue from maintenance and support is recognized ratably over the contract period, which is the period over which the customer has continuous access to maintenance and support.

Professional Services Revenue

Our professional services revenue is comprised of fees for consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance as well as training services related to our platform. Our professional services are considered distinct performance obligations when sold standalone or with other products.

Consulting Services

We sell consulting services to assist customers in planning and executing the deployment of our software. Customers are not required to use consulting services to fully benefit from the software. Consulting services are regularly sold on a standalone basis and either (1) under a fixed-fee arrangement or (2) on a time and materials basis. Consulting contracts are each considered separate performance obligations because they do not integrate with each other or with other products and services to deliver a combined output to the customer, do not modify or customize (or are not modified or customized by) each other or other products and services, and do not affect the customer's ability to use the other consulting offerings or other products and

services. Revenue under consulting contracts is recognized over time as services are delivered. For time and materials-based consulting contracts, we have elected the practical expedient of recognizing revenue upon invoicing since the invoiced amount corresponds directly to the value of our service to date.

Training Services

We sell various training services to our customers. Training services are sold in the form of prepaid training credits that are redeemed based on a fixed rate per course. Training revenue is recognized when the associated training services are delivered.

Significant Judgments and Estimates

Determining the Transaction Price

The transaction price includes both fixed and variable consideration. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable a significant reversal will not occur. The amount of variable consideration excluded from the transaction price for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 was insignificant. Our estimates of variable consideration are also subject to subsequent true-up adjustments and may result in changes to transaction prices; however, such true-up adjustments are not expected to be material.

Allocating the Transaction Price Based on Standalone Selling Prices (“SSP”)

We allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in a contract based on its relative SSP. The SSP is the observable price at which we sell the product or service separately. In the absence of observable pricing, we estimate SSP using the residual approach. We establish SSP as follows:

1.SaaS subscriptions - Given the highly variable selling price of our SaaS subscriptions, we establish the SSP of our SaaS subscriptions using a residual approach after first determining the SSP of consulting and training services. We have concluded the residual approach to estimating SSP of our SaaS subscriptions is an appropriate allocation of the transaction price.

2.Term license subscriptions - Given the highly variable selling price of our term license subscriptions, we have established SSP of term license subscriptions using a residual approach after first determining the SSP of maintenance and support. Maintenance and support is sold on a standalone basis in conjunction with renewals of our legacy perpetual software licenses and within a narrow range of the net license fee. Because an economic relationship exists between the license and maintenance and support, we have concluded the residual approach to estimating SSP of term license subscriptions is an appropriate allocation of the transaction price.

3.Maintenance and support - We establish the SSP of maintenance and support as a percentage of the stated net subscription fee based on observable pricing of maintenance and support renewals from our legacy perpetual software licenses.

4.Consulting and training services - The SSP of consulting and training services is established based on the observable pricing of standalone sales within each geographic region where the services are sold.

Contract Balances

Timing may differ between the satisfaction of performance obligations and the invoicing and collection of amounts related to our contracts with customers. Contract assets primarily relate to unbilled amounts for contracts with customers for which the amount of revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Contract assets are transferred to accounts receivable when the right to invoice becomes unconditional. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, contract assets of $14.0 million and $20.1 million, respectively, are included in the Prepaid expenses and other current assets and Other assets line items in our consolidated balance sheets.

Contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue and include payments received in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations. Deferred revenue is then recognized as the revenue recognition criteria are met. Deferred revenue that will be recognized during the succeeding 12-month period is recorded as current, and the remaining deferred revenue is recorded as

non-current. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized $114.2 million of revenue that was included in the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2020.

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligations

As of December 31, 2021, we had an aggregate transaction price of $285.5 million allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations. We expect to recognize $189.6 million of this balance as revenue over the next 12 months with the remaining amount recognized thereafter.

- Definition

The entire disclosure of revenue from contract with customer to transfer good or service and to transfer nonfinancial asset. Includes, but is not limited to, disaggregation of revenue, credit loss recognized from contract with customer, judgment and change in judgment related to contract with customer, and asset recognized from cost incurred to obtain or fulfill contract with customer. Excludes insurance and lease contracts.

+ References

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+ Details

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Schedule of Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, gross	$ 8,404	$ 2,173
Less: accumulated amortization	(1,260)	(429)
Total projected amortization expense	7,144	1,744
Developed technology
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, gross	7,271	1,719
Customer relationships - Non-Robotic Process Automation (“RPA”)
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, gross	872	172
Customer relationships - RPA
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, gross	$ 261	$ 282

Leases - Supplemental Balance Sheet Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Jul. 01, 2020
Lessee, Operating Lease, Description [Abstract]
Operating right-of-use assets	$ 27,897	$ 30,659	$ 7,900
Operating lease liabilities, current	8,110	6,923
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	48,784	51,194
Total operating lease liabilities	$ 56,894	$ 58,117	$ 7,900
Operating leases, weighted average remaining lease term	9 years 6 months	10 years 7 months 6 days
Operating leases, weighted average remaining discount rate	9.50%	9.60%

Segment and Geographic Information - Summary of Revenues By Geography (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 369,259	$ 304,573	$ 260,352
Domestic
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	243,562	201,483	176,187
International
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 125,697	$ 103,090	$ 84,165

- Definition

+ References

+ Details

Label	Element	Value
Accounting Standards Update [Extensible Enumeration]	us-gaap_AccountingStandardsUpdateExtensibleList	Accounting Standards Update 2014-09 [Member]

- Definition

Indicates amendment to accounting standards.

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+ Details

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Schedule of Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Goodwill, beginning balance	$ 4,862	$ 0
Goodwill acquired	24,521	4,348
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(1,588)	514
Goodwill, ending balance	$ 27,795	$ 4,862

Income Taxes - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019	Dec. 31, 2018
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Effective tax rate	(0.90%)	(2.70%)	(1.60%)
Tax expense attributable to the change in valuation allowance	$ 28,500,000
Favorable excess tax benefits for equity compensation and research credits	10,500,000
Federal NOL carryforwards subject to expiration	24,400,000
Operating loss carryforwards, state, tax effected	14,100,000	$ 11,200,000
Net change in total valuation allowance	28,500,000
Valuation allowance against foreign deferred tax assets	94,399,000	65,914,000
Unrecognized tax benefits	3,089,000	2,277,000	$ 1,575,000	$ 1,039,000
Unrecognized tax benefits that would affect effective tax rate if recognized	0	0
Domestic Tax Authority
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards	239,900,000	183,900,000
Federal NOL carryforwards not subject to expiration	215,500,000
Federal tax credit carryforwards	13,700,000	10,500,000
State and Local Jurisdiction
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards	249,800,000	177,200,000
Swiss Federal Tax Administration (FTA) \| Foreign Tax Authority
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards	126,600,000	$ 78,600,000
Valuation allowance against foreign deferred tax assets	$ 14,800,000

Property and Equipment, net (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2021		2020
Leasehold improvements	$	41,005	$	36,263
Office furniture and fixtures	2,536		2,521
Computer hardware	6,001		4,535
Computer software	1,353		1,352
Equipment	124		49
Property and equipment, gross	51,019		44,720
Less: accumulated depreciation	(14,106)		(9,316)
Property and equipment, net	$	36,913	$	35,404

Income Taxes - Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating losses	$ 81,499	$ 59,417
Tax credits	15,510	11,922
Deferred revenue	466	824
Equity compensation	4,917	3,090
Lease liabilities	15,089	15,768
Accrued compensation	3,390	339
Bad debt	373	383
Other accrued expense	1,452	0
Other	301	1,234
Gross deferred tax assets	122,997	92,977
Less: Valuation allowance	(94,399)	(65,914)
Total deferred tax assets	28,598	27,063
Deferred tax liabilities:
Prepaid expenses	(12,576)	(11,082)
Right-of-use assets	(7,361)	(8,270)
Unbilled receivables	(1,248)	(2,559)
Depreciation	(3,892)	(4,221)
Intangible	(2,102)	0
Other	(603)	(512)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(27,782)	(26,644)
Net deferred tax asset	$ 816	$ 419

Business Combinations - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	1 Months Ended		5 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Aug. 31, 2021	Jan. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2021
Business Combination Segment Allocation [Line Items]
Measurement period adjustments recognized, deferred tax adjustment			$ 0.1
Revenue recognized				$ 114.2
Lana Labs
Business Combination Segment Allocation [Line Items]
Percentage of interests acquired	100.00%
Acquisition price	$ 30.7
Business combination, pro forma information, revenue of acquiree since acquisition date			0.3
Business combination, pro forma information, net loss before taxes of acquiree since acquisition date			2.6
Measurement period adjustments recognized, adjustment to developed technology and goodwill			0.8
Deferred revenue as of acquisition	$ 0.3
Revenue recognized			$ 0.1
Novayre
Business Combination Segment Allocation [Line Items]
Percentage of interests acquired		100.00%
Acquisition price		$ 6.9

Stock-Based Compensation - Assumptions Used to Estimate Fair Value of Stock Options (Detail)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Risk-free interest rate	2.10%
Expected term (in years)	2 years 7 months 6 days
Expected volatility	55.00%
Expected dividend yield	0.00%

Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense Included in Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 23,844	$ 15,279	$ 16,443
Subscriptions
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	1,199	943	647
Professional services
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	3,131	1,477	2,748
Sales and marketing
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	5,426	2,821	4,742
Research and development
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	5,224	2,718	3,480
General and administrative
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 8,864	$ 7,320	$ 4,826

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$ 1,400	$ 1,400
Finite-lived intangible assets, accumulated amortization	$ 1,260	$ 429
Class A Common Stock
Common stock, par value (in usd per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	39,964,298	38,971,324
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	39,964,298	38,971,324
Class B Common Stock
Common stock, par value (in usd per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	31,497,796	31,707,866
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	31,497,796	31,707,866

Income Taxes - Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Domestic	$ (48,743)	$ (25,463)	$ (32,091)
Foreign	(39,120)	(7,131)	(17,803)
Loss before income taxes	$ (87,863)	$ (32,594)	$ (49,894)

- Definition

Amount of income (loss) from continuing operations, including income (loss) from equity method investments, before deduction of income tax expense (benefit), and income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest.

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+ Details

Investments and Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Components of Investments

Our investments as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (in thousands):


	As of December 31, 2021
	Fair Value Measurement							Balance Sheet Classification
	Fair Value Level	Cost Basis		Unrealized Gains (Losses)		Market Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-term Investments and Marketable Securities		Long-term Investments
Money market fund	Level 1	$	38,301	$	—	$	38,301	$	38,301	$	—	$	—
U.S. Treasury bonds	Level 1	8,171		—		8,171		—		8,171		—
Commercial paper	Level 2	23,312		—		23,312		—		23,312		—
Corporate bonds	Level 2	20,107		(14)		20,093		—		8,049		12,044
Asset-backed securities	Level 2	15,655		(8)		15,647		—		15,647		—
Total investments		$	105,546	$	(22)	$	105,524	$	38,301	$	55,179	$	12,044


	As of December 31, 2020
	Fair Value Measurement							Balance Sheet Classification
	Fair Value Level	Cost Basis		Unrealized Gains (Losses)		Market Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-Term Investments and Marketable Securities		Long-Term Investments
Money market fund	Level 1	$	27,150	$	—	$	27,150	$	27,150	$	—	$	—
U.S. Treasury bonds	Level 1	24,445		(3)		24,442		—		16,273		8,169
Commercial paper	Level 2	76,905		—		76,905		16,493		60,412		—
Corporate bonds	Level 2	34,738		(11)		34,727		—		27,542		7,185
Asset-backed securities	Level 2	26,373		(8)		26,365		—		5,599		20,766
Total investments		$	189,611	$	(22)	$	189,589	$	43,643	$	109,826	$	36,120

Amortized Cost Basis and Fair Value of Debt Securities by Contractual Maturity

The amortized cost basis and fair value of debt securities at December 31, 2021 and 2020, by contractual maturity, are as follows (in thousands):


	As of December 31, 2021
	Cost Basis		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	93,497	$	93,480
Due after one year through five years	12,049		12,044
Total investments	$	105,546	$	105,524


	As of December 31, 2020
	Cost Basis		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	153,483	$	153,469
Due after one year through five years	36,128		36,120
Total investments	$	189,611	$	189,589

Commitments and Contingencies -Narrative (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Jul. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Purchase obligation		$ 131.0
Purchase obligation, to be paid, year one		22.0
Purchase obligation, to be paid, year two		25.0
Purchase obligation, to be paid, year three		28.0
Purchase obligation, to be paid, year four		28.0
Purchase obligation, to be paid, year five		$ 28.0
Outstanding letters of credit	$ 11.2		$ 11.2
Payments for annual royalty fees	0.3
Spending under purchase commitment agreement	$ 11.8

Segment and Geographic Information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment and Geographic Information

15. Segment and Geographic Information

We consider operating segments to be components of our business in which separate financial information is available and evaluated regularly by our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”). Our CODM, who is our Chief Executive Officer, reviews financial information on a consolidated basis when deciding how to allocate resources and assessing performance. Accordingly, we have determined we have a single reporting segment and operating unit structure.

The following table summarizes revenue by geography for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Domestic	$	243,562	$	201,483	$	176,187
International	125,697		103,090		84,165
Total	$	369,259	$	304,573	$	260,352

With respect to geographic information, revenue is attributed to respective geographies based on the contracting address of the customer. There were no individual foreign countries from which more than 10% of our total revenue was attributable for the year ended December 31, 2021. Revenue from customers attributed to the United Kingdom were 12.5% and 12.2% of our total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Substantially all of our long-lived assets were held in the United States as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for reporting segments including data and tables. Reportable segments include those that meet any of the following quantitative thresholds a) it's reported revenue, including sales to external customers and intersegment sales or transfers is 10 percent or more of the combined revenue, internal and external, of all operating segments b) the absolute amount of its reported profit or loss is 10 percent or more of the greater, in absolute amount of 1) the combined reported profit of all operating segments that did not report a loss or 2) the combined reported loss of all operating segments that did report a loss c) its assets are 10 percent or more of the combined assets of all operating segments.

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+ Details

Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Goodwill

Goodwill was comprised of the following as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	Carrying Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	—
Goodwill acquired	4,348
Foreign currency translation adjustments	514
Balance as of December 31, 2020	$	4,862
Goodwill acquired	24,521
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(1,588)
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	27,795

Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets

Intangible assets, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2021		2020
Developed technology	$	7,271	$	1,719
Customer relationships - Non-Robotic Process Automation (“RPA”)	872		172
Customer relationships - RPA	261		282
Intangible assets, gross	8,404		2,173
Less: accumulated amortization	(1,260)		(429)
Intangible assets, net	$	7,144	$	1,744

Schedule of Finite-Lived Intangible Assets, Future Amortization Expense

The projected annual amortization expense related to amortizable intangible assets as of December 31, 2021 is as follows (in thousands):


Year Ended December 31,
2022	$	1,604
2023	1,552
2024	1,552
2025	1,234
2026	794
Thereafter	408
Total projected amortization expense	$	7,144

Segment and Geographic Information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2021

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Summary of Revenue By Geography

The following table summarizes revenue by geography for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
Domestic	$	243,562	$	201,483	$	176,187
International	125,697		103,090		84,165
Total	$	369,259	$	304,573	$	260,352

Leases - Summary of Future Minimum Operating Lease Commitments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Jul. 01, 2020
Operating Leases
2022	$ 8,451
2023	8,309
2024	8,632
2025	9,329
2026	9,366
Thereafter	48,775
Total lease payments	92,862
Less: imputed interest	(35,968)
Total	$ 56,894	$ 58,117	$ 7,900

Stockholders' Equity	12 Months Ended
Stockholders' Equity	Dec. 31, 2021
Equity [Abstract]
Stockholders' Equity	12. Stockholders' Equity As of December 31, 2021, we had authorized 500,000,000 shares of Class A common stock and 100,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, each with a par value of $0.0001 per share, of which 39,964,298 shares of Class A common stock and 31,497,796 shares of Class B common stock were issued and outstanding. The rights of the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion rights. The holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share, and the holders of Class B common stock are entitled to ten votes per share on all matters subject to stockholder vote. The holders of Class B common stock also have approval rights for certain corporate actions. Each share of Class B common stock may be converted into one share of Class A common stock at the option of its holder and will be automatically converted upon transfer thereof, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, upon the date on which the outstanding shares of Class B common stock represent less than 10% of the aggregate voting power of our capital stock, all outstanding shares of Class B common stock shall convert automatically into Class A common stock.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for shareholders' equity comprised of portions attributable to the parent entity and noncontrolling interest, including other comprehensive income. Includes, but is not limited to, balances of common stock, preferred stock, additional paid-in capital, other capital and retained earnings, accumulated balance for each classification of other comprehensive income and amount of comprehensive income.

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+ Details

Stock-Based Compensation - Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 23,844	$ 15,279	$ 16,443
RSUs
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	19,382	10,745	12,667
Stock options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	3,839	4,164	3,408
Common stock awards to Board of Directors
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 623	$ 370	$ 368

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020	Dec. 31, 2019
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (88,641)	$ (33,477)	$ (50,714)
Comprehensive loss, net of income taxes
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(677)	(4,703)	(827)
Unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities	0	(22)	0
Total other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes	$ (89,318)	$ (38,202)	$ (51,541)

- Definition

The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.

+ References

+ Details