0001441683-24-000016 | 10-K | XBRL Viewer

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Income Taxes - Reconciliation of Statutory to Effective Income Tax Rate (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
U.S. federal statutory tax rate	21.00%	21.00%	21.00%
State tax expense	3.80%	4.10%	4.70%
Foreign rate differential	(3.10%)	(3.30%)	(4.10%)
Nondeductible expenses	(0.70%)	(0.30%)	(0.50%)
Foreign tax expense	(0.40%)	0.30%	(0.20%)
Equity compensation	(2.40%)	1.00%	7.00%
Tax credits	9.50%	4.70%	5.00%
Unrecognized tax benefits	(1.80%)	(0.90%)	(0.90%)
Change in tax rate	(0.90%)	0.30%	(1.20%)
Other	0.20%	(0.50%)	(0.10%)
Deferred adjustments	(3.00%)	(0.80%)	0.90%
Change in valuation allowance	(25.20%)	(26.10%)	(32.50%)
Total	(3.00%)	(0.50%)	(0.90%)

Accounting Policies (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Schedule of Cash and Cash Equivalents

The following table presents a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cash and cash equivalents	$	149,351	$	148,132	$	100,796
Restricted cash, current	—		2,249		791
Restricted cash, non-current	—		—		2,373
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	149,351	$	150,381	$	103,960

Schedule of Restrictions on Cash and Cash Equivalents

The following table presents a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cash and cash equivalents	$	149,351	$	148,132	$	100,796
Restricted cash, current	—		2,249		791
Restricted cash, non-current	—		—		2,373
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	149,351	$	150,381	$	103,960

Schedule of Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts was as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Beginning balance	$	2,125	$	1,400	$	1,400
Additions: Charged to costs and expenses	1,091		1,298		410
Deductions: Write-offs, net of recoveries	(610)		(573)		(410)
Ending balance	$	2,606	$	2,125	$	1,400

Schedule of Capitalized Contract Costs

The following table summarizes the activity of costs to obtain a contract with a customer for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	85,984	$	73,685
Additional contract costs deferred	53,894		49,816
Amortization of deferred contract costs	(45,853)		(37,517)
Ending balance	$	94,025	$	85,984

Schedule of Property and Equipment, Useful Life

The following table outlines the useful lives of our major asset categories (in years):


						Useful Life
Computer software						3
Computer hardware						3
Equipment						5
Office furniture and fixtures						10
Leasehold improvements						(a)

(a) Leasehold improvements have an estimated useful life of the shorter of the useful life of the assets or the lease term.

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Leasehold improvements	$	53,313	$	45,959
Office furniture and fixtures	3,825		3,476
Computer hardware	9,671		9,689
Computer software	820		1,353
Equipment	194		242
Property and equipment, gross	67,823		60,719
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(25,141)		(18,864)
Property and equipment, net	$	42,682	$	41,855

Revenue

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue

3. Revenue

Revenue Recognition

We generate subscriptions revenue primarily through the sale of cloud subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services as well as term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support. We generate professional services revenue from fees for our consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance as well as training related to our platform.

The following table summarizes revenue recorded during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cloud subscriptions	$	304,481	$	236,922	$	179,415
Term license subscriptions	82,282		79,753		63,203
Maintenance and support	25,574		23,477		21,120
Total subscriptions	412,337		340,152		263,738
Professional services	133,026		127,839		105,521
Total revenue	$	545,363	$	467,991	$	369,259

Performance Obligations and Timing of Revenue Recognition

We primarily sell products and services that fall into the categories discussed below. Each category contains one or more performance obligations that are either (1) capable of being distinct (i.e., the customer can benefit from the product or service on its own or together with readily available resources, including those purchased separately from us) and distinct within the context of the contract (i.e., separately identified from other promises in the contract) or (2) a series of distinct products or services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer to the customer. Our term license subscriptions are delivered at a point in time while our cloud subscriptions, maintenance and support, and professional services are delivered over time.

Subscriptions Revenue

Subscriptions revenue is primarily related to (1) cloud subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support and hosting services and (2) term license subscriptions bundled with maintenance and support. We generally charge subscription fees on a per-user basis or through non-user-based single application licenses. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance on an annual, quarterly, or monthly basis. In certain instances, our customers have paid their entire contract up front.

Cloud Subscriptions

We generate cloud-based subscriptions revenue primarily from the sales of subscriptions to access our cloud offering, together with related support services to our customers. We perform all required maintenance and support for our cloud offering. Revenue is recognized on a ratable basis over the contract term beginning on the date the service is made available to the customer. Our cloud-based subscription contracts generally have a term of one to three years in length. We bill customers and collect payment for subscriptions to our platform in advance, and they are non-cancellable.

Term License Subscriptions

Our term license subscriptions revenue is derived from customers with on-premises installations of our platform. The majority of our contracts are one year in length. Although term license subscriptions are sold with maintenance and support, the software is fully functional at the beginning of the subscription and is considered a distinct performance obligation. If a cloud-based subscription includes the right for the customer to take possession of the license, the revenue is treated as a term license. Revenue from term license subscriptions is recognized when control of the software license has transferred to the customer, which is the later of delivery or commencement of the contract term.

Maintenance and Support

Maintenance and support subscriptions include both technical support and when-and-if-available software upgrades, which are treated as a single performance obligation as they are considered a series of distinct services

that are substantially the same and have the same duration and measure of progress. Revenue from maintenance and support is recognized ratably over the contract period, which is the period over which the customer has continuous access to maintenance and support.

Professional Services Revenue

Our professional services revenue is comprised of fees for consulting services, including application development and deployment assistance as well as training services related to our platform. Our professional services are considered distinct performance obligations when sold standalone or with other products.

Consulting Services

We sell consulting services to assist customers in planning and executing the deployment of our software. Customers are not required to use consulting services to fully benefit from the software. Consulting services are regularly sold on a standalone basis and most often as either (1) under a fixed-fee arrangement or (2) on a time and materials basis. We also sell advisory services on a subscription basis to support customers or partners with their development and deployment. Consulting services contracts are considered separate performance obligations because they do not integrate with each other or with other products and services to deliver a combined output to the customer, do not modify or customize (or are not modified or customized by) each other or other products and services, and do not affect the customer's ability to use the other consulting offerings or other products and services. Revenue under consulting contracts is recognized over time as services are delivered. Revenue from subscription-based consulting contracts is recognized ratably over the contract period. For time and materials-based consulting contracts, we have elected the practical expedient of recognizing revenue upon invoicing since the invoiced amount corresponds directly to the value of our service to date.

Training Services

We sell various training services to our customers. Training services are sold in the form of prepaid training credits that are redeemed based on a fixed rate per course. Training revenue is recognized when the associated training services are delivered.

Significant Judgments and Estimates

Determining the Transaction Price

The transaction price is the total amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for the service offerings in a contract and may include both fixed and variable components. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable a significant reversal will not occur. The amount of variable consideration excluded from the transaction price for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was immaterial. Our estimates of variable consideration are also subject to subsequent true-up adjustments and may result in changes to transaction prices; however, such true-up adjustments are not expected to be material.

Allocating the Transaction Price Based on Standalone Selling Prices (“SSP”)

We allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation in a contract based on its relative SSP. The SSP is the observable price at which we sell the product or service separately. In the absence of observable pricing, we estimate SSP using the residual approach. We establish SSP as follows:

1.Cloud subscriptions - Given the highly variable selling price of our cloud subscriptions, we establish the SSP of our cloud subscriptions using a residual approach after first determining the SSP of consulting and training services. We have concluded the residual approach to estimating the SSP of our cloud subscriptions is an appropriate allocation of the transaction price.

2.Term license subscriptions - Given the highly variable selling price of our term license subscriptions, we have established the SSP of term license subscriptions using a residual approach after first determining the SSP of

maintenance and support. Maintenance and support is sold on a standalone basis in conjunction with renewals of our legacy perpetual software licenses and within a narrow range of the net license fee. Because an economic relationship exists between the license and maintenance and support, we have concluded the residual approach to estimating the SSP of term license subscriptions is an appropriate allocation of the transaction price.

3.Maintenance and support - We establish the SSP of maintenance and support as a percentage of the stated net subscription fee based on observable pricing of maintenance and support renewals from our legacy perpetual software licenses.

4.Consulting and training services - The SSP of consulting and training services is established based on the observable pricing of standalone sales within each geographic region where the services are sold.

Contract Balances

Timing may differ between the satisfaction of performance obligations and the invoicing and collection of amounts related to our contracts with customers. Contract assets primarily relate to unbilled amounts for contracts with customers for which the amount of revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Contract assets are transferred to accounts receivable when the right to invoice becomes unconditional. Contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue and include payments received in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations. Deferred revenue is then recognized as the revenue recognition criteria are met. Deferred revenue that will be recognized during the succeeding 12-month period is recorded as current, and the remaining deferred revenue is recorded as non-current.

The following table sets forth contract asset and contract liability balances as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Contract assets, current*	$	12,052	$	12,540	$	12,515
Contract assets, non-current*	915		1,720		1,492
Total contract assets	$	12,967	$	14,260	$	14,007

Deferred revenue, current	$	235,992	$	194,768	$	150,169
Deferred revenue, non-current	4,700		5,556		2,430
Total contract liabilities	$	240,692	$	200,324	$	152,599

* Current and non-current contract assets are reported as components of the ‘Prepaid expenses and other current assets’ and ‘Other assets’ line items, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheets.

Revenue recognized from amounts included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the period totaled $196.5 million, $147.0 million, and $114.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Accounts receivable, net of allowance, as of December 31, 2021 was $130.0 million.

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligations

As of December 31, 2023, we had an aggregate transaction price of $489.7 million allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations. We expect to recognize $310.9 million of this balance as revenue over the next 12 months with the remaining amount recognized thereafter.

- Definition

The entire disclosure of revenue from contract with customer to transfer good or service and to transfer nonfinancial asset. Includes, but is not limited to, disaggregation of revenue, credit loss recognized from contract with customer, judgment and change in judgment related to contract with customer, and asset recognized from cost incurred to obtain or fulfill contract with customer. Excludes insurance and lease contracts.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 9
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-9

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 10
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-10

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 15
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-15

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-12

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-12

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Subparagraph (c)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-12

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Subparagraph (d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-12

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 12
-Subparagraph (e)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-12

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 606
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Subparagraph (b)(2)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147479806/606-10-50-13

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Topic 606
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//606/tableOfContent

+ Details

Debt - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)		12 Months Ended
Debt - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	Feb. 12, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Long-term debt		$ 207,813,000
Outstanding letters of credit		11,800,000
Revolving Credit Facility \| Letter of Credit
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of credit facility, maximum borrowing capacity		15,000,000
Revolving Credit Facility \| Swingline Sub-facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of credit facility, maximum borrowing capacity		$ 10,000,000
Secured Debt \| Term Loan Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Debt term		5 years
Aggregate principal amount		$ 150,000,000
Secured Debt \| Term Loan Facility \| Subsequent Event
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Aggregate principal amount	$ 200,000,000
Increase in aggregate principal amount	50,000,000
Secured Debt \| Term Loan Facility \| Base Rate
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		0.50%
Line of Credit \| Base Rate \| Minimum
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		1.50%
Line of Credit \| Base Rate \| Minimum \| Measurement Input, EBITDA Multiple
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		0.50%
Line of Credit \| Base Rate \| Maximum
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		2.50%
Line of Credit \| Base Rate \| Maximum \| Measurement Input, EBITDA Multiple
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		2.50%
Line of Credit \| SOFR \| Minimum
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		2.50%
Line of Credit \| SOFR \| Minimum \| Measurement Input, EBITDA Multiple
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		1.50%
Line of Credit \| SOFR \| Maximum
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		3.50%
Line of Credit \| SOFR \| Maximum \| Measurement Input, EBITDA Multiple
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Basis spread on variable rate (as a percent)		3.50%
Line of Credit \| Revolving Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of credit facility, maximum borrowing capacity		$ 75,000,000
Long-term debt		$ 62,000,000	$ 0
Line of Credit \| Revolving Credit Facility \| Subsequent Event
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Line of credit facility, maximum borrowing capacity	100,000,000
Line of credit facility, additional borrowing capacity	$ 25,000,000

Cover Page - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
Cover Page - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Feb. 12, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023
Document and Entity Information [Line Items]
Document Type	10-K
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2023
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-38098
Entity Registrant Name	APPIAN CORPORATION
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	54-1956084
Entity Address, Address Line One	7950 Jones Branch Drive
Entity Address, City or Town	McLean
Entity Address, State or Province	VA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	22102
City Area Code	(703)
Local Phone Number	442-8844
Title of 12(b) Security	Class A Common Stock
Trading Symbol	APPN
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	true
Document Financial Statement Error Correction	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Documents Incorporated by Reference	Portions of the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K are incorporated by reference in Part III, Items 10-14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Entity Central Index Key	0001441683
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Amendment Flag	false
Class A Common Stock
Document and Entity Information [Line Items]
Entity Public Float			$ 1,250.7
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		42,204,284
Class B Common Stock
Document and Entity Information [Line Items]
Entity Public Float			$ 96.8
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		31,196,796

Accounting Policies - Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 2,125	$ 1,400	$ 1,400
Additions: Charged to costs and expenses	1,091	1,298	410
Deductions: Write-offs, net of recoveries	(610)	(573)	(410)
Ending balance	$ 2,606	$ 2,125	$ 1,400

Accrued Expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Payables and Accruals [Abstract]
Hosting costs	$ 2,973	$ 2,802
Contract labor costs	600	1,465
Marketing and tradeshow expenses	685	1,000
Audit and tax expenses	1,499	911
Taxes payable	1,261	827
Legal costs	103	475
Reimbursable employee expenses	880	1,004
Third party license fees	678	1,223
Capital expenditures	644	744
Other accrued expenses	1,723	1,776
Total accrued expenses	$ 11,046	$ 12,227

Income Taxes - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Effective tax rate (percent)	(3.00%)	(0.50%)	(0.90%)
Tax expense attributable to the change in valuation allowance	$ 27,300
Favorable tax benefits for research credits	10,300
Federal NOL carryforwards subject to expiration	24,400
Capitalized research and development costs	35,047	$ 29,991
Operating loss carryforwards, state, tax effected	17,000	14,800
Valuation allowance	161,966	132,581
Unrecognized tax benefits	6,484	4,488	$ 3,089	$ 2,277
Unrecognized tax benefits that would affect effective tax rate if recognized	0	0
Domestic Tax Authority
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards	295,900	237,700
Federal NOL carryforwards not subject to expiration	271,500
Federal tax credit carryforwards	27,200	19,300
State and Local Jurisdiction
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards	306,800	256,300
Foreign Tax Authority
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards	21,800	18,700
Foreign Tax Authority \| Switzerland
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Operating loss carryforwards	192,300	$ 163,400
Valuation allowance	21,800
Foreign Tax Authority \| Switzerland \| Tax Year 2016
Operating Loss Carryforwards [Line Items]
Expired operating loss carryforwards	$ 1,100

Accounting Policies - Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 149,351	$ 148,132	$ 100,796
Restricted cash, current	0	2,249	791
Restricted cash, non-current	0	0	2,373
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$ 149,351	$ 150,381	$ 103,960	$ 112,462

Income Taxes - Schedule of Valuation Allowance (Details) - Valuation Allowance, Deferred Tax Asset - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Movement in Valuation Allowances and Reserves [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 132,581	$ 94,399	$ 65,914
Charged to expense	27,267	39,203	28,450
Foreign currency translation adjustments	2,118	(1,021)	35
Deductions from reserve	0	0	0
Ending balance	$ 161,966	$ 132,581	$ 94,399

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The following table details the changes in goodwill during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):


	Carrying Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	27,795

Foreign currency translation adjustments	(1,446)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	26,349

Foreign currency translation adjustments	757
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	27,106

Intangible assets, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Developed technology	$	7,091	$	6,893
Customer relationships	950		1,073

Intangible assets, gross	8,041		7,966
Less: Accumulated amortization	(4,152)		(2,715)
Intangible assets, net	$	3,889	$	5,251

Intangible amortization expense was $1.5 million, $1.5 million, and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining amortization periods for developed technology and customer relationships were approximately 2.5 years and 7.3 years, respectively.

The following table shows the projected annual amortization expense related to amortizable intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
2024	$	1,513
2025	1,204
2026	775
2027	95
2028	95
Thereafter	207
Total projected amortization expense	$	3,889

Stock-Based Compensation - Stock-based Compensation Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 43,387	$ 38,830	$ 23,844
RSUs
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	37,563	35,290	19,382
Stock options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	5,045	2,790	3,839
Common stock awards to Board of Directors
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 779	$ 750	$ 623

Debt

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Debt

8. Debt

Senior Secured Credit Facilities Credit Agreement

As of December 31, 2023, we have a Senior Secured Credit Facilities Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) which provides for a five-year term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $150.0 million and, in addition, up to $75.0 million for a revolving credit facility, including a letter of credit sub-facility in the aggregate availability amount of $15.0 million and a swingline sub-facility in the aggregate availability amount of $10.0 million (as a sublimit of the revolving loan facility).

On February 12, 2024, we executed the fourth amendment to the credit agreement which increased the aggregate principal amount of the term loan facility by $50.0 million, increased the limit of the revolving credit facility by $25.0 million, and amended certain covenants and definitions. The total aggregate term loan facility is now $200.0 million and the revolving credit facility is $100.0 million. The Credit Agreement matures on November 3, 2027. We will use the proceeds to continue funding the growth of our business and support our working capital requirements.

Under the agreement, we may elect whether amounts drawn bear interest on the outstanding principal amount at a rate per annum equal to either (a) the higher of the Prime rate or the Federal Funds Effective (“Base Rate”) rate plus 0.50% or (b) the forward-looking term rate based on the secured overnight financing rate (“Term SOFR”). An additional interest rate margin is added to the elected interest rates. During the first three years of the Credit Agreement, the additional interest rate margin ranges from 1.5% to 2.5% in the case of Base Rate advances or from 2.5% to 3.5% in the case of Term SOFR advances, depending on our debt to recurring revenue leverage ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement). During the final two years of the Credit Agreement, the interest rate margin ranges from 0.5% to 2.5% in the case of Base Rate advances and from 1.5% to 3.5% in the case of Term SOFR advances, depending on our debt to consolidated adjusted EBITDA leverage ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement).

In addition, the Credit Agreement contains other customary representations, warranties, and covenants, including covenants by us limiting additional indebtedness, guarantees, liens, fundamental changes, mergers and consolidations, dispositions of assets, investments, paying dividends on capital stock or redeeming, repurchasing or retiring capital stock, prepaying certain junior indebtedness and preferred stock, certain corporate changes, and transactions with affiliates. The Credit Agreement also provides for customary events of default, including but not limited to non-payment, breaches, or defaults in the performance of covenants, insolvency, bankruptcy, and the occurrence of a material adverse effect on us.

The following table summarizes outstanding debt balances as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Borrowings under revolving credit facility	$	62,000	$	—
Secured term loan facility	145,813		119,375
Less: Debt issuance costs(1)	(1,224)		(1,256)
Total debt, net of debt issuance costs	$	206,589	$	118,119

Debt, current	$	66,368	$	2,740
Long-term debt	140,221		115,379
Total debt	$	206,589	$	118,119

(1) Deferred debt issuance costs associated with the term loan facility are recorded net of the debt obligation and amortized to interest expense over the term of the Credit Agreement.

The following table summarizes the annual maturities of the principal amount of total debt due as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
2024	$	4,688
2025	7,500
2026	7,500
2027*	188,125
Total	$	207,813

* The contractual maturity of our outstanding revolving credit facility of $62.0 million is November 3, 2027, and is shown in the table above in fiscal year 2027. The revolving credit facility is presented as current debt on our consolidated balance sheet due to management’s intention to repay the outstanding balance within the next 12 months.

We were in compliance with all covenants contained in the Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2023, we had $62.0 million outstanding borrowings under our $75.0 million revolving credit facility, and we had outstanding letters of credit totaling $11.8 million in connection with securing our leased office space.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for information about short-term and long-term debt arrangements, which includes amounts of borrowings under each line of credit, note payable, commercial paper issue, bonds indenture, debenture issue, own-share lending arrangements and any other contractual agreement to repay funds, and about the underlying arrangements, rationale for a classification as long-term, including repayment terms, interest rates, collateral provided, restrictions on use of assets and activities, whether or not in compliance with debt covenants, and other matters important to users of the financial statements, such as the effects of refinancing and noncompliance with debt covenants.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 470
-SubTopic 20
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1B
-Subparagraph (h)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481139/470-20-50-1B

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-Paragraph 1
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-1

Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef
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Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 470
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
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-Paragraph 1I
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481139/470-20-50-1I

+ Details

Accounting Policies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Accounting Policies

2. Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements and footnotes have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) as contained in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Appian and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in these consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Although we believe the estimates we use are reasonable, due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making these estimates, actual results reported in future periods could differ from those estimates.

Significant estimates embedded in the consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, revenue recognition, income taxes and the related valuation allowance established against deferred tax assets, the amortization of deferred commissions, the amortization period of the cost to obtain the judgment preservation insurance (as discussed in Note 13), and stock-based compensation.

Segment Reporting

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. We have determined our CODM is our Chief Executive Officer.

We operate one operating and reportable segment, representing our consolidated business that helps organizations build applications and workflows rapidly with our low-code platform to maximize their resources and improve business results. Our reportable segment determination is based on our management and internal reporting structure, the nature of the subscriptions and services we offer, and the financial information evaluated regularly by our CODM.

Revenue Recognition

Refer to Note 3 for a detailed discussion on specific revenue recognition principles related to our major revenue streams.

Concentration of Credit and Customer Risk

Our financial instruments exposed to concentration of credit and customer risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and our short- and long-term investments. Deposits held with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits; however, we believe the financial institutions holding our cash deposits are financially sound and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to these balances.

With regard to our customers, credit evaluation and account monitoring procedures are used to minimize the risk of loss. Revenue generated from government agencies represented 21.3%, 19.2%, and 19.6% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, of which the top three U.S. federal government agencies generated 4.2%, 4.5%, and 5.6% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Additionally, 35.8%, 33.5%, and 34.0% of our revenue during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, was generated from international customers. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of our total revenue during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021. As of December 31, 2023, we had one customer whose balance comprised 12.1% of total accounts receivable.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

We consider all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, as well as overnight repurchase agreements, to be cash equivalents. Restricted cash consisted of cash designated to settle an escrow liability stemming from a holdback agreement related to our acquisition of Lana Labs GmbH. We paid the remaining amount owed in August 2023.

The following table presents a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cash and cash equivalents	$	149,351	$	148,132	$	100,796
Restricted cash, current	—		2,249		791
Restricted cash, non-current	—		—		2,373
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	149,351	$	150,381	$	103,960

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable are stated at realizable value, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on our assessment of the collectability of accounts and incorporates an estimation of expected lifetime credit losses on our receivables. We regularly review the composition of the accounts receivable aging, historical bad debts, changes in payment patterns, customer creditworthiness, and current economic trends. If the financial condition of our customers were to deteriorate, resulting in their inability to make required payments, additional provisions for doubtful accounts would be required and would increase bad debt expense.

Activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts was as follows (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Beginning balance	$	2,125	$	1,400	$	1,400
Additions: Charged to costs and expenses	1,091		1,298		410
Deductions: Write-offs, net of recoveries	(610)		(573)		(410)
Ending balance	$	2,606	$	2,125	$	1,400

Deferred Commissions

We capitalize costs of obtaining a contract with a customer, which consist of sales commissions paid to our sales team, and the associated incremental payroll taxes. These costs are recorded as deferred commissions in the consolidated balance sheets. Costs to obtain a contract for a new customer or upsell an existing customer are amortized over an estimated economic life of five years as sales commissions on initial sales are not commensurate with sales commissions on contract renewals. Commissions paid relating to contract renewals are deferred and amortized over the related renewal period. We determine the estimated economic life based on both qualitative and quantitative factors such as expected renewals, product life cycles, contractual terms, and customer attrition. We periodically review the carrying amount of deferred contract acquisition costs to determine whether events or changes in circumstances have occurred that could impact the estimated economic life. Costs to obtain a contract for professional services arrangements are expensed as incurred as the contractual period of our professional services arrangements are one year or less.

Amortization associated with deferred commissions is recorded to sales and marketing expense in our consolidated statements of operations. The following table summarizes the activity of costs to obtain a contract with a customer for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022
Beginning balance	$	85,984	$	73,685
Additional contract costs deferred	53,894		49,816
Amortization of deferred contract costs	(45,853)		(37,517)
Ending balance	$	94,025	$	85,984

Commission expense was $46.8 million, $39.4 million, and $32.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Significant additions or improvements extending the useful life of an asset are capitalized, while repairs and maintenance costs which do not significantly improve the related assets or extend their useful lives are charged to expense as incurred.

The following table outlines the useful lives of our major asset categories (in years):


						Useful Life
Computer software						3
Computer hardware						3
Equipment						5
Office furniture and fixtures						10
Leasehold improvements						(a)

(a) Leasehold improvements have an estimated useful life of the shorter of the useful life of the assets or the lease term.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived tangible assets and intangible assets with definite useful lives are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable through undiscounted cash flows from the use of the assets. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the assets are written down to their estimated fair value.

Goodwill is accounted for at the segment level and allocated to, and tested for impairment at, a level referred to as the reporting unit. We have determined our one segment consists of a single reporting unit. We test for impairment annually on the first day of the fourth quarter or between annual tests if events or changes in circumstances indicate the fair value of our reporting unit may be below its carrying amount. We have the option to qualitatively assess whether it is more likely than not the fair value our reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If we elect to perform a qualitative assessment and conclude it is more likely than not the fair value of the reporting unit is equal to or greater than its carrying value, no further assessment of that reporting unit’s goodwill is necessary; otherwise, goodwill must be tested for impairment. In 2023 and 2022, we elected to not perform the optional qualitative assessment of goodwill and instead performed the quantitative impairment test.

When performing the quantitative test, we determine the fair value of the reporting unit and compare it to the carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, the reporting unit’s goodwill is impaired, and we must recognize an impairment loss for the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the reporting unit. We estimate the fair value of our reporting unit using a market-based valuation methodology, which is primarily based on our consolidated market capitalization.

In the fourth quarter of 2023 and 2022, we completed our annual goodwill impairment test for our reporting unit, and the results of the test indicated the estimated fair value of our reporting unit significantly exceeded the carrying value.

Stock-Based Compensation

Compensation expense related to stock-based awards is calculated by determining the estimated fair value of the award on the grant date. We calculate the fair value of stock options containing only a service condition using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock units (“RSUs”) is based on the closing market price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market on the date of grant. For service-based awards such as RSUs, stock-based compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. For awards that contain market conditions, compensation expense is measured using a Monte Carlo simulation and is recognized using the accelerated attribution method over the derived service period based on the expected market performance as of the grant date. We account for forfeitures as they occur rather than estimating expected forfeitures.

Leases

We combine lease and non-lease components and account for them as a single lease component for our facility leases. The discount rates related to our lease liabilities are based on estimates of our incremental borrowing rate on a secured basis, as the discount rates implicit in our lease agreements cannot be readily determined.

Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share

We compute net loss per common share using the two-class method required for multiple classes of common stock and participating securities. The rights, including the liquidation and dividend rights, of the Class A common stock and Class B common stock are substantially identical, other than voting and conversion rights. Accordingly, the Class A common stock and Class B common stock share equally in our net losses.

Basic net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per common share is computed similar to basic, except the weighted average number of common shares outstanding is increased to include additional outstanding shares from the assumed exercise of stock options and vesting of RSUs, if dilutive. The dilutive effect, if any, of convertible shares is calculated using the treasury stock method. As we reported net losses for all periods presented, all outstanding shares would be considered antidilutive if they were assumed to be vested or exercised.

Income Taxes

We use the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes in which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recoverable or settled. We recognize the effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates as income and expense in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established if it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized.

Our tax positions are subject to income tax audits by multiple tax jurisdictions throughout the world. We recognize the tax benefit of an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not the position is sustainable upon examination by the taxing authority. We measure the tax benefit recognized as the largest amount of benefit which is more likely than not to be realized upon settlement with the taxing authority. We recognize penalties and interest related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense.

We calculate the current and deferred income tax provision based on estimates and assumptions that could differ from the actual results reflected in income tax returns filed in subsequent years and record adjustments based on filed income tax returns when identified. The amount of income taxes paid is subject to examination by U.S. federal, state, and foreign tax authorities. The estimate of the potential outcome of any uncertain tax issue is subject to our assessment of relevant risks, facts, and circumstances existing at that time. To the extent the assessment of such tax position changes, we record the change in estimate in the period in which we make that determination.

Foreign Currency

Our operations located outside of the United States where the local currency is the functional currency are translated into U.S. dollars using the current rate method. Results of operations are translated at the average rate of exchange for the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at the closing rates on the balance sheet date. Gains and losses on translation of these accounts are accumulated and reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity and other comprehensive loss.

Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions are recognized in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as a component of ‘Other (income) expense, net’. Gains and losses from transactions denominated in foreign currencies resulted in net transaction gains of $8.7 million, net transaction losses of $6.1 million, and net transaction losses of $3.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses include payroll, employee benefits, and other headcount-related costs associated with product development. Our product utilizes a common codebase, whether accessed by customers via the cloud or via an on-premises installation. Since our software is sold and licensed externally, we consider our software as external-use software for purposes of applying the capitalized software development guidance. Product development costs are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility has been established, which is defined as the completion of all planning, designing, coding, and testing activities necessary to establish products that meet design specifications including functions, features, and technical performance requirements. We have determined technological feasibility for our software products is reached shortly before they are released for sale. Costs incurred after technological feasibility is established are not significant, and accordingly we expense all research and development costs when incurred.

Severance Costs

During the first six months of 2023, we incurred severance costs related to involuntary reductions in our workforce designed to right-size our employee base and improve operations. Severance costs related to these actions totaled $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The majority of the costs incurred were paid to the impacted employees by December 31, 2023. No severance costs were incurred related to an involuntary reduction in our workforce in 2022 and 2021.

Advertising Expenses

We expense advertising costs as they are incurred. Advertising expenses were $4.2 million, $5.8 million, and $4.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Adopted

We did not adopt any new accounting guidance in 2023 that had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvement to Reportable Segment Disclosures (ASU 2023-07), which enhances the disclosure requirements for operating segments in our annual and interim consolidated financial statements. The new guidance is effective for us beginning with our annual reporting for fiscal year 2024 and for interim period reporting beginning in fiscal year 2025 and will be applied on a retrospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The new ASU requires public companies to disclose significant segment expenses and other segment items on an annual and interim basis and provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually. Additionally, it requires public companies to disclose the title and position of the Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM). The ASU does not change how a public entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates them, or applies the quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. This guidance also applies to public entities that have only one segment. The new ASU will only impact our disclosures with no impacts to our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Tax (Topic 740): Improvement to Income tax Disclosures (ASU 2023-09), which requires public companies to disclose, on an annual basis, a tabular rate reconciliation using both percentages and currency amounts, broken out into specified categories with certain reconciling items further broken out by nature and jurisdiction to the extent those items exceed a specified threshold. In addition, all entities are required to disclose income taxes paid, net of refunds received disaggregated by federal, state/local, and foreign and by jurisdiction if the amount is at least 5% of total income tax payments, net of refunds received. The new guidance is effective for our annual reporting for fiscal year 2025 on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The new ASU will only impact our disclosures with no impacts to our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Retirement Plans	12 Months Ended
Retirement Plans	Dec. 31, 2023
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Retirement Plans	15. Retirement Plans We have a defined contribution 401(k) retirement and savings plan (the “Plan”) to provide retirement benefits for all eligible employees. With limited exceptions, all employees over the age of 21 on the first day of the month immediately following the month of hiring are eligible to participate in the Plan. The Plan allows eligible employees to make salary-deferred contributions up to 75% of their pre-tax annual compensation, as defined in the Plan, as long as the total contributed does not exceed the annual maximum allowable amount under the Internal Revenue Code. The Company makes a semi-monthly matching contribution of 100% of the employee's contribution for that pay period, up to a maximum of 4% of the employee's eligible gross compensation for that pay period. Company contributions vest ratably based on years of service over a four year period, beginning with the completion of the first year of service. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we incurred $12.9 million, $11.5 million, and $8.7 million, respectively, in contribution expense related to employer matching contributions.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Amortization of intangible assets	$ 1.5	$ 1.5	$ 0.8
Developed technology
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangible asset, useful life	2 years 6 months
Customer relationships
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Finite-lived intangible asset, useful life	7 years 3 months 18 days

Investments and Fair Value Measurements (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Schedule of Components of Investments

The components of our investments as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are as follows (in thousands):


	As of December 31, 2023
	Fair Value Measurement							Balance Sheet Classification
	Fair Value Level	Cost Basis		Unrealized Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-term Investments and Marketable Securities
Cash	Level 1	$	—	$	—	$	93,029	$	93,029	$	—
Money market fund	Level 1	56,322		—		56,322		56,322		—
U.S. Treasury bonds	Level 1	4,830		(2)		4,828		—		4,828


Agency bonds	Level 2	4,828		(3)		4,825		—		4,825

Total investments		$	65,980	$	(5)	$	159,004	$	149,351	$	9,653

As of December 31, 2022, our investments consisted of the following (in thousands):


	As of December 31, 2022
	Fair Value Measurement							Balance Sheet Classification
	Fair Value Level	Cost Basis		Unrealized Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-Term Investments and Marketable Securities
Cash	Level 1	$	—	$	—	$	108,663	$	108,663	$	—
Money market fund	Level 1	39,469		—		39,469		39,469		—
U.S. Treasury bonds	Level 1	9,396		(13)		9,383		—		9,383
Commercial paper	Level 2	26,704		—		26,704		—		26,704
Corporate bonds	Level 2	9,353		(12)		9,341		—		9,341
Agency bonds	Level 2	2,432		3		2,435		—		2,435
Total investments		$	87,354	$	(22)	$	195,995	$	148,132	$	47,863

- Definition

Tabular disclosure of investment in debt security measured at fair value with change in fair value recognized in other comprehensive income (available-for-sale).

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Topic 320
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 9
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-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481800/320-10-50-2

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Topic 320
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481800/320-10-50-2

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Topic 320
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 3
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481800/320-10-50-3

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Topic 320
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 3
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481800/320-10-50-3

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Topic 320
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 3
-Subparagraph (c)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481800/320-10-50-3

Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Topic 320
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 3
-Subparagraph (d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481800/320-10-50-3

+ Details

Income Taxes - Income Tax Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Current:
Federal	$ 34	$ 72	$ 15
State	223	119	79
Foreign	4,523	1,409	1,156
Total current expense	4,780	1,600	1,250
Deferred:
Federal	0	0	0
State	0	0	0
Foreign	(1,571)	(908)	(472)
Total deferred benefit	(1,571)	(908)	(472)
Total income tax expense	$ 3,209	$ 692	$ 778

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenue
Total revenue	$ 545,363	$ 467,991	$ 369,259
Cost of revenue
Total cost of revenue	143,322	133,306	104,093
Gross profit	402,041	334,685	265,166
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	242,381	220,374	167,852
Research and development	153,098	139,210	97,517
General and administrative	114,535	120,111	83,704
Total operating expenses	510,014	479,695	349,073
Operating loss	(107,973)	(145,010)	(83,907)
Other non-operating expense
Other (income) expense, net	(17,603)	3,545	3,584
Interest expense	17,862	1,673	372
Total other non-operating expense	259	5,218	3,956
Loss before income taxes	(108,232)	(150,228)	(87,863)
Income tax expense	3,209	692	778
Net loss	$ (111,441)	$ (150,920)	$ (88,641)
Net loss per share:
Basic (in usd per share)	$ (1.52)	$ (2.08)	$ (1.25)
Diluted (in usd per share)	$ (1.52)	$ (2.08)	$ (1.25)
Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic (in shares)	73,102,470	72,455,175	71,036,490
Diluted (in shares)	73,102,470	72,455,175	71,036,490
Subscriptions
Revenue
Total revenue	$ 412,337	$ 340,152	$ 263,738
Cost of revenue
Total cost of revenue	43,563	36,005	27,330
Professional services
Revenue
Total revenue	133,026	127,839	105,521
Cost of revenue
Total cost of revenue	$ 99,759	$ 97,301	$ 76,763

Property and Equipment, net (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Schedule of Property and Equipment

The following table outlines the useful lives of our major asset categories (in years):


						Useful Life
Computer software						3
Computer hardware						3
Equipment						5
Office furniture and fixtures						10
Leasehold improvements						(a)

(a) Leasehold improvements have an estimated useful life of the shorter of the useful life of the assets or the lease term.

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Leasehold improvements	$	53,313	$	45,959
Office furniture and fixtures	3,825		3,476
Computer hardware	9,671		9,689
Computer software	820		1,353
Equipment	194		242
Property and equipment, gross	67,823		60,719
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(25,141)		(18,864)
Property and equipment, net	$	42,682	$	41,855

Accounting Policies - Additional Information (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) segment agency unit	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($)
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Number of operating segments \| segment	1
Number of reportable segments \| segment	1
Number of government agencies \| agency	3
Capitalized contract cost, amortization period	5 years
Commission expense	$ 46.8	$ 39.4	$ 32.4
Number of reporting units \| unit	1
Foreign currency transaction gains, net	$ 8.7	(6.1)	(3.7)
Severance costs	6.3	0.0	0.0
Advertising expenses	$ 4.2	$ 5.8	$ 4.4
Customer Concentration Risk \| Sales Revenue, Net \| Foreign Customers
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage	35.80%	33.50%	34.00%
Customer Concentration Risk \| Sales Revenue, Net \| Government Agencies
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage	21.30%	19.20%	19.60%
Customer Concentration Risk \| Sales Revenue, Net \| Federal Government Agencies
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage	4.20%	4.50%	5.60%
Customer Concentration Risk \| Accounts Receivable \| Customer One
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Concentration risk percentage	12.10%

Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share - Securities Excluded From Calculation of Weighted Average Common Shares Outstanding (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Stock options
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potentially dilutive securities outstanding (in shares)	2,599,349	2,697,959	2,953,356
RSUs
Antidilutive Securities Excluded from Computation of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Potentially dilutive securities outstanding (in shares)	1,078,064	1,190,720	1,209,529

Leases - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Leases [Abstract]
Renewal term (in years)	10 years
Sublease income	$ 1.3	$ 0.4	$ 0.0
Reimbursements received for tenant improvements	$ 2.6	$ 2.6	$ 0.0

Stock-Based Compensation - Restricted Stock Unit Activity (Details) - RSUs - $ / shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Number of Shares
Non-vested and outstanding at beginning balance (in shares)	1,190,720	1,209,529	1,165,003
Granted (in shares)	710,278	606,203	488,462
Vested (in shares)	(668,119)	(403,648)	(354,130)
Forfeited (in shares)	(154,815)	(221,364)	(89,806)
Non-vested and outstanding at ending balance (in shares)	1,078,064	1,190,720	1,209,529
Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested and outstanding at beginning balance (in usd per share)	$ 65.97	$ 70.99	$ 46.04
Granted (in usd per share)	42.52	52.63	108.98
Vested (in usd per share)	58.64	58.63	43.39
Forfeited (in usd per share)	62.73	70.30	62.72
Non-vested and outstanding at ending balance (in usd per share)	$ 55.52	$ 65.97	$ 70.99

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (111,441)	$ (150,920)	$ (88,641)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used by operating activities:
Stock-based compensation	43,387	38,830	23,844
Depreciation expense and amortization of intangible assets	9,473	7,297	5,743
Bad debt expense	1,091	1,298	410
Amortization of debt issuance costs	444	43	0
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	0	3	79
Deferred income taxes	(1,541)	(1,089)	(498)
Foreign currency transaction gains, net	(12,263)	0	0
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(1,868)	(37,922)	(33,904)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(54,753)	(2,027)	2,094
Deferred commissions	(8,043)	(12,298)	(21,588)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(1,394)	(3,289)	11,467
Accrued compensation and related benefits	(3,157)	6,582	12,598
Other current and non-current liabilities	(1,134)	(264)	(444)
Deferred revenue	28,668	47,534	33,378
Operating lease assets and liabilities	2,089	(329)	1,544
Net cash used by operating activities	(110,442)	(106,551)	(53,918)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from maturities of investments	91,670	84,642	120,593
Purchases of investments	(53,443)	(65,283)	(41,870)
Purchases of property and equipment	(9,637)	(9,095)	(6,058)
Payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired	0	0	(30,729)
Net cash provided by investing activities	28,590	10,264	41,936
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from borrowings	92,000	120,000	0
Payments for debt issuance costs	(276)	(1,940)	0
Debt repayments	(3,563)	(625)	0
Payments for employee taxes related to the net share settlement of equity awards	(9,748)	0	0
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options	752	25,432	2,786
Net cash provided by financing activities	79,165	142,867	2,786
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	1,657	(159)	694
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(1,030)	46,421	(8,502)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period	150,381	103,960	112,462
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	149,351	150,381	103,960
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest	16,906	1,671	323
Cash paid for income taxes	3,999	1,239	1,505
Supplemental non-cash investing and financing information:
Accrued capital expenditures	$ 654	$ 1,774	$ 379

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, gross	$ 8,041	$ 7,966
Less: Accumulated amortization	(4,152)	(2,715)
Intangible assets, net	3,889	5,251
Developed technology
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, gross	7,091	6,893
Customer relationships
Acquired Finite-Lived Intangible Assets [Line Items]
Intangible assets, gross	$ 950	$ 1,073

Stock-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

10. Stock-Based Compensation

Equity Incentive Plans

In May 2017, our Board of Directors adopted, and our stockholders approved, the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”). The 2017 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options to employees and for the grant of nonstatutory stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), stock appreciation rights, performance-based stock awards, and other forms of equity compensation to employees, including officers, non-employee directors, and consultants. We initially reserved 6,421,442 shares of Class A common stock for issuance under the 2017 Plan, which included 421,442 shares that remained available for issuance under our 2007 Stock Option Plan (the “2007 Plan”) at the time the 2017 Plan became effective. The number of shares reserved under the 2017 Plan increases for any shares subject to outstanding awards originally granted under the 2007 Plan that expire or are forfeited prior to exercise. As a result of the adoption of the 2017 Plan, no further grants may be made under the 2007 Plan. As of December 31, 2023, there were 7,196,149 shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the 2017 Plan, of which 2,516,133 are still available to be issued.

Stock Options

We estimate the fair value of stock options containing only a service condition using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires the use of subjective assumptions, including the expected term of the option, the current price of the underlying stock, the expected stock price volatility, expected dividend yield, and the risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option. The expected term represents the period of time the stock options are expected to be outstanding. Due to the lack of sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to derive an estimate, we use the simplified method to estimate the expected term for our stock options. Under the simplified method, the expected term of an option is presumed to be the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our publicly traded stock over the estimated expected term of the stock options. We assume zero dividend yield because we have historically not paid dividends and do not anticipate paying dividends in the near future.

In June 2022, our Board of Directors granted a stock option to purchase 700,000 shares of our Class A common stock to our Chief Executive Officer (the “2022 CEO Grant”) under the 2017 Plan with an exercise price of $50.63 per share. The 2022 CEO Grant is eligible to vest based on the achievement of various stock price appreciation targets of our Class A common stock. Specifically, the 2022 CEO Grant vests in four installments of 25% each if the average closing price per share for a 365 day calendar period equals or exceeds each of $175, $200, $225, and $250, respectively (the “Vesting Price Threshold”), prior to June 7, 2030. The option also vests if the Company engages in a Corporate Transaction, as defined in the Plan, in which the Company’s Class A common stock is valued at or above the Vesting Price Threshold. The fair value of the 2022 CEO Grant was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation. The fair value of the award at the grant date was $18.8 million and is being amortized over derived service periods ranging from 3.4 years to 4.1 years.

The only stock option awarded during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 was the 2022 CEO Grant. The following table summarizes the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the 2022 CEO stock option grant:

Year Ended December 31,

2023

2022

2021

Risk-free interest rate

3.01%

Expected term (in years)

Expected volatility

70%

Expected dividend yield

—

* Not applicable because no stock options were granted during the period.

** Each Vesting Price Threshold for the 2022 CEO grant has a unique expected term ranging from 3.4 years to 4.1 years.

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:


	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2020	3,399,240	$	14.06	4.9	$	503,174
Granted	—	—
Exercised	(423,824)	6.55			43,525
Expired	(4,100)	10.54
Forfeited	(17,960)	11.78
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	2,953,356	15.16		4.0	147,812
Granted	700,000	50.63
Exercised	(937,217)	27.14			32,858
Expired	(7,900)	4.06
Forfeited	(10,280)	12.28
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	2,697,959	20.25		5.1	45,867
Granted	—	—
Exercised	(98,610)	7.56			3,387
Expired	—	—
Forfeited	—	—
Outstanding at December 31, 2023	2,599,349	$	20.73	4.2	$	53,089

Exercisable at December 31, 2023	1,899,349	$	9.71	2.6	$	53,089

No stock options were vested during the year ended December 31, 2023. The total fair value of stock options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $0.9 million and $10.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, the total compensation cost related to unvested stock options not yet recognized, which relates exclusively to the 2022 CEO Grant, was $10.9 million. This amount will be recognized over a remaining weighted average period of 2.20 years.

Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes RSU activity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:


	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2020	1,165,003	$	46.04
Granted	488,462	108.98
Vested	(354,130)	43.39
Forfeited	(89,806)	62.72
Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2021	1,209,529	70.99
Granted	606,203	52.63
Vested	(403,648)	58.63
Forfeited	(221,364)	70.30
Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2022	1,190,720	65.97
Granted	710,278	42.52
Vested	(668,119)	58.64
Forfeited	(154,815)	62.73
Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2023	1,078,064	$	55.52

As of December 31, 2023, total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested RSUs was approximately $41.8 million, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.4 years.

The following table summarizes the components of our stock-based compensation expense by instrument type for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
RSUs	$	37,563	$	35,290	$	19,382
Stock options	5,045		2,790		3,839
Common stock awards to Board of Directors	779		750		623
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	43,387	$	38,830	$	23,844

The following table summarizes stock-based compensation expense by line item in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cost of revenue
Subscriptions	$	925	$	996	$	1,199
Professional services	6,055		5,309		3,131
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	10,842		9,152		5,426
Research and development	12,486		12,523		5,224
General and administrative	13,079		10,850		8,864
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	43,387	$	38,830	$	23,844

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$ 2,606	$ 2,125
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation	25,141	18,864
Finite-lived intangible assets, accumulated amortization	$ 4,152	$ 2,715
Class A Common Stock
Common stock, par value (in usd per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	500,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	42,169,970	41,320,091
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	42,169,970	41,320,091
Class B Common Stock
Common stock, par value (in usd per share)	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	31,196,796	31,497,796
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	31,196,796	31,497,796

Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Loss Before Income Taxes

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, our loss before income taxes was comprised of the following (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Domestic	$	(89,925)	$	(102,434)	$	(48,743)
Foreign	(18,307)		(47,794)		(39,120)
Total	$	(108,232)	$	(150,228)	$	(87,863)

Schedule of Components of Income Tax Expense

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, our income tax expense was comprised of the following (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Current:
Federal	$	34	$	72	$	15
State	223		119		79
Foreign	4,523		1,409		1,156
Total current expense	4,780		1,600		1,250
Deferred:
Federal	—		—		—
State	—		—		—
Foreign	(1,571)		(908)		(472)
Total deferred benefit	(1,571)		(908)		(472)
Total income tax expense	$	3,209	$	692	$	778

Schedule of Reconciliation of Statutory to Effective Income Tax Rate

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the provision for income taxes differs from the amount computed by applying the federal statutory income tax rates to our loss before the provision for income taxes as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
U.S. federal statutory tax rate	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%
State tax expense	3.8		4.1		4.7
Foreign rate differential	(3.1)		(3.3)		(4.1)
Nondeductible expenses	(0.7)		(0.3)		(0.5)
Foreign tax expense	(0.4)		0.3		(0.2)
Equity compensation	(2.4)		1.0		7.0
Tax credits	9.5		4.7		5.0
Unrecognized tax benefits	(1.8)		(0.9)		(0.9)
Change in tax rate	(0.9)		0.3		(1.2)
Other	0.2		(0.5)		(0.1)
Deferred adjustments	(3.0)		(0.8)		0.9
Change in valuation allowance	(25.2)		(26.1)		(32.5)
Total	(3.0)	%	(0.5)	%	(0.9)	%

Schedule of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating losses	$	103,299	$	85,442
Tax credits	29,582		21,215
Deferred revenue	861		416
Equity compensation	4,879		5,314
Lease liabilities	18,822		17,732
Accrued compensation	3,323		4,510
Bad debt	447		656
Other accrued expense	218		16
Capitalized research and development costs	35,047		29,991
Other	1,369		431
Gross deferred tax assets	197,847		165,723
Less: Valuation allowance	(161,966)		(132,581)
Total deferred tax assets	35,881		33,142

Deferred tax liabilities:
Prepaid expenses	(16,505)		(15,309)
Right-of-use assets	(10,626)		(10,056)

Depreciation	(3,779)		(4,275)
Intangible assets	(1,179)		(1,540)
Other	(341)		(123)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(32,430)		(31,303)
Net deferred tax assets	$	3,451	$	1,839

Schedule of Valuation Allowance

The following table summarizes the activity related to our valuation allowances for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Beginning balance	$	132,581	$	94,399	$	65,914
Charged to expense	27,267		39,203		28,450
Foreign currency translation adjustments	2,118		(1,021)		35
Deductions from reserve	—		—		—
Ending balance	$	161,966	$	132,581	$	94,399

Schedule of Activity Related to Unrecognized Tax Benefit

The following table summarizes the activity related to our unrecognized tax benefit from December 31, 2020 to December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


Balance as of December 31, 2020	$	2,277
Additions for tax positions in current years	812
Additions for tax positions in prior years	—
Reductions due to lapse in statutes of limitations	—
Settlements	—
Balance as of December 31, 2021	3,089
Additions for tax positions in current years	1,399
Additions for tax positions in prior years	—
Reductions due to lapse in statutes of limitations	—
Settlements	—
Balance as of December 31, 2022	4,488
Additions for tax positions in current years	1,740
Additions for tax positions in prior years	256
Reductions due to lapse in statutes of limitations	—
Settlements	—
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	6,484

Property and Equipment, net

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]

Property and Equipment, net

6. Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Leasehold improvements	$	53,313	$	45,959
Office furniture and fixtures	3,825		3,476
Computer hardware	9,671		9,689
Computer software	820		1,353
Equipment	194		242
Property and equipment, gross	67,823		60,719
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(25,141)		(18,864)
Property and equipment, net	$	42,682	$	41,855

Depreciation expense totaled $8.0 million, $5.8 million, and $4.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, we disposed of or retired $1.4 million and $1.0 million worth of fully depreciated property and equipment, respectively. Disposals during the year ended December 31, 2021 were not significant.

Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

9. Income Taxes

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, our loss before income taxes was comprised of the following (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Domestic	$	(89,925)	$	(102,434)	$	(48,743)
Foreign	(18,307)		(47,794)		(39,120)
Total	$	(108,232)	$	(150,228)	$	(87,863)

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, our income tax expense was comprised of the following (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Current:
Federal	$	34	$	72	$	15
State	223		119		79
Foreign	4,523		1,409		1,156
Total current expense	4,780		1,600		1,250
Deferred:
Federal	—		—		—
State	—		—		—
Foreign	(1,571)		(908)		(472)
Total deferred benefit	(1,571)		(908)		(472)
Total income tax expense	$	3,209	$	692	$	778


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
U.S. federal statutory tax rate	21.0	%	21.0	%	21.0	%
State tax expense	3.8		4.1		4.7
Foreign rate differential	(3.1)		(3.3)		(4.1)
Nondeductible expenses	(0.7)		(0.3)		(0.5)
Foreign tax expense	(0.4)		0.3		(0.2)
Equity compensation	(2.4)		1.0		7.0
Tax credits	9.5		4.7		5.0
Unrecognized tax benefits	(1.8)		(0.9)		(0.9)
Change in tax rate	(0.9)		0.3		(1.2)
Other	0.2		(0.5)		(0.1)
Deferred adjustments	(3.0)		(0.8)		0.9
Change in valuation allowance	(25.2)		(26.1)		(32.5)
Total	(3.0)	%	(0.5)	%	(0.9)	%

The effective tax rate of (3.0)% in 2023 includes $27.3 million of tax expense attributable to the change in the valuation allowance in the United States and Switzerland, partially offset by $10.3 million of favorable tax benefits for research credits.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of the assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating losses	$	103,299	$	85,442
Tax credits	29,582		21,215
Deferred revenue	861		416
Equity compensation	4,879		5,314
Lease liabilities	18,822		17,732
Accrued compensation	3,323		4,510
Bad debt	447		656
Other accrued expense	218		16
Capitalized research and development costs	35,047		29,991
Other	1,369		431
Gross deferred tax assets	197,847		165,723
Less: Valuation allowance	(161,966)		(132,581)
Total deferred tax assets	35,881		33,142

Deferred tax liabilities:
Prepaid expenses	(16,505)		(15,309)
Right-of-use assets	(10,626)		(10,056)

Depreciation	(3,779)		(4,275)
Intangible assets	(1,179)		(1,540)
Other	(341)		(123)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(32,430)		(31,303)
Net deferred tax assets	$	3,451	$	1,839

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $295.9 million and $237.7 million, respectively, of gross net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards for U.S. federal tax purposes. U.S. federal NOL carryforwards in the gross amount of $24.4 million and generated prior to 2018 will expire, if unused, in 2037. Under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “TCJA”), as modified by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”), federal NOL carryforwards generated in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 may be carried forward indefinitely. As of December 31, 2023, we had $271.5 million of gross NOL carryforwards generated after 2017 for U.S. federal tax purposes, which may be used to offset 80% of our taxable income annually.

Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code limits the utilization of NOL carryforwards when ownership changes occur, as defined by that section. A number of states have similar state laws that limit utilization of state NOL carryforwards when ownership changes occur. We have performed an analysis of our Section 382 ownership changes and have determined all U.S. federal and state NOL carryforwards are available for use as of December 31, 2023.

Beginning in 2022, the TCJA eliminated the option to deduct research and development expenditures immediately in the year incurred and requires companies to amortize such expenditures over five or fifteen years for tax purposes, depending on whether the activities were incurred in the U.S. or outside of the U.S. The new research and development expenditures rules resulted in a tax-effected deferred tax asset (before valuation allowance) of approximately $35.0 million and $30.0 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Due

to the full valuation allowance recorded against our U.S. deferred tax assets, there was no impact to net deferred tax assets. Additionally, there was no cash tax impact for 2023 due to our ability to use NOL carryforwards to fully offset taxable income generated by the changes to research and development expenditures.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $27.2 million and $19.3 million, respectively, of U.S. federal tax credit carryforwards which will expire, if unused, between 2031 and 2043.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had U.S. gross state NOL carryforwards of $306.8 million and $256.3 million, respectively. We had tax-effected state NOL carryforwards of $17.0 million and $14.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The rules regarding carryforwards vary from state to state, and the ability to utilize NOLs varies based on timing and amount. The majority of state NOL carryforwards generated prior to 2018 will expire, if unused, in 2037. Due to the TCJA, certain state NOL carryforwards generated after 2017 have an indefinite carryforward period.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had foreign gross NOL carryforwards of $192.3 million and $163.4 million, respectively, primarily attributable to our subsidiary in Switzerland. We had tax-effected foreign NOL carryforwards of $21.8 million and $18.7 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. In 2023, $1.1 million of tax-effected Swiss NOLs expired related to the 2016 tax year. An additional portion of those NOL carryforwards will expire each year, if unused, between 2024 and 2030.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022 we had a total valuation allowance of $162.0 million and $132.6 million, respectively. The following table summarizes the activity related to our valuation allowances for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Beginning balance	$	132,581	$	94,399	$	65,914
Charged to expense	27,267		39,203		28,450
Foreign currency translation adjustments	2,118		(1,021)		35
Deductions from reserve	—		—		—
Ending balance	$	161,966	$	132,581	$	94,399

As of December 31, 2023, we continued to maintain a full valuation allowance against U.S. deferred tax assets based on our cumulative operating results as of December 31, 2023, three-year cumulative loss, and an assessment of our expected future results of operations. We have evaluated all evidence, both positive and negative, in assessing the likelihood of realizability, and we determined the negative evidence outweighed the positive evidence.

As of December 31, 2023, we have a valuation allowance of $21.8 million against foreign deferred tax assets at our subsidiary in Switzerland. Based on our cumulative operating results as of December 31, 2023 and assessment of our expected future results of operations, we determined it was not more likely than not we would be able to realize the deferred tax assets prior to expiration.

We plan to distribute previously undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries back to the United States in future years. Upon repatriation of those earnings, if any, we may be subject to taxes, including withholding taxes, net of any applicable foreign tax credits. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred U.S. income tax liability is not practicable.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had unrecognized tax benefits of $6.5 million and $4.5 million, respectively, none of which would affect our effective tax rate if recognized due to the valuation allowance. The following table summarizes the activity related to our unrecognized tax benefit from December 31, 2020 to December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


Balance as of December 31, 2020	$	2,277
Additions for tax positions in current years	812
Additions for tax positions in prior years	—
Reductions due to lapse in statutes of limitations	—
Settlements	—
Balance as of December 31, 2021	3,089
Additions for tax positions in current years	1,399
Additions for tax positions in prior years	—
Reductions due to lapse in statutes of limitations	—
Settlements	—
Balance as of December 31, 2022	4,488
Additions for tax positions in current years	1,740
Additions for tax positions in prior years	256
Reductions due to lapse in statutes of limitations	—
Settlements	—
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	6,484

We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. Our uncertain tax positions primarily relate to federal research and development tax credits. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, we recognized nominal amounts in interest. The cumulative balances of interest and penalties as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were immaterial. We anticipate total unrecognized tax benefits will not decrease over the next year.

We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and in various state and foreign jurisdictions. Due to the NOL carryforward, tax years 2016 through 2023 remain open to examination by the major taxing jurisdictions to which we are subject. There are no open examinations that would have a meaningful impact to our consolidated financial statements.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for income taxes. Disclosures may include net deferred tax liability or asset recognized in an enterprise's statement of financial position, net change during the year in the total valuation allowance, approximate tax effect of each type of temporary difference and carryforward that gives rise to a significant portion of deferred tax liabilities and deferred tax assets, utilization of a tax carryback, and tax uncertainties information.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
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+ Details

Leases (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of Components of Lease Expense

The following table sets forth the components of lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands, exclusive of sublease income):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Operating lease cost	$	9,056	$	6,950	$	6,619



Short-term lease cost	1,444		583		149
Variable lease cost	4,230		3,817		2,713
Total	$	14,730	$	11,350	$	9,481

Schedule of Supplemental Balance Sheet Information

Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is presented in the following table (in thousands, except for lease term and discount rate):


	As of December 31,
	2023			2022
Right-of-use assets for operating leases	$	39,975		$	37,248

Operating lease liabilities, current	$	11,698		$	8,681
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	59,067			57,225
Total operating lease liabilities	$	70,765		$	65,906

Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)	7.4			8.4

Weighted average discount rate	9.4		%	9.4		%

Schedule of Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Supplemental cash flow and expense information related to operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 is shown below (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021

Operating cash outflows for operating leases	$	8,865	$	7,073	$	7,732



Amortization of operating lease ROU assets	2,676		1,495		1,361
Interest expense on operating lease liabilities	6,380		5,406		5,268

Schedule of Maturities of Operating Lease Liabilities

A summary of our future minimum lease commitments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2023 is shown below (in thousands):


	Operating Leases
2024	$	12,208
2025	13,011
2026	13,332
2027	13,583
2028	12,469
Thereafter	34,839
Total lease payments	99,442
Less: imputed interest	(28,677)
Total	$	70,765

Segment and Geographic Information - Summary of Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 545,363	$ 467,991	$ 369,259
Domestic
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	350,210	311,075	243,562
International
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 195,153	$ 156,916	$ 125,697

- Definition

Amount, excluding tax collected from customer, of revenue from satisfaction of performance obligation by transferring promised good or service to customer. Tax collected from customer is tax assessed by governmental authority that is both imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue-producing transaction, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added and excise.

+ References

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-Topic 924
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-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
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+ Details

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net loss	$ (111,441)	$ (150,920)	$ (88,641)

- Definition

The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.

+ References

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+ Details

Leases - Future Minimum Operating Lease Commitments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Operating Leases
2024	$ 12,208
2025	13,011
2026	13,332
2027	13,583
2028	12,469
Thereafter	34,839
Total lease payments	99,442
Less: imputed interest	(28,677)
Total	$ 70,765	$ 65,906

Accounting Policies - Capitalized Contract Costs (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Capitalized Contract Cost [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 85,984	$ 73,685
Additional contract costs deferred	53,894	49,816
Amortization of deferred contract costs	(45,853)	(37,517)
Ending balance	$ 94,025	$ 85,984

Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands, except share and per share data):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(111,441)	$	(150,920)	$	(88,641)
Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	73,102,470		72,455,175		71,036,490
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(1.52)	$	(2.08)	$	(1.25)

Schedule of Securities Excluded From Calculation of Weighted Average Common Shares

The following outstanding securities, prior to the use of the treasury stock method, have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding for the respective periods below because they would have been antidilutive to earnings per share:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023	2022	2021
Stock options	2,599,349	2,697,959	2,953,356
Non-vested restricted stock units	1,078,064	1,190,720	1,209,529

Leases - Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Leases [Abstract]
Operating cash outflows for operating leases	$ 8,865	$ 7,073	$ 7,732
Amortization of operating lease ROU assets	2,676	1,495	1,361
Interest expense on operating lease liabilities	$ 6,380	$ 5,406	$ 5,268

Insider Trading Arrangements

3 Months Ended

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Trading Arrangements, by Individual

Material Terms of Trading Arrangement

The adoption or termination of contracts, instructions, or written plans for the purchase or sale of our securities by our Section 16 officers and directors for the three months ended December 31, 2023, each of which is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act (“Rule 10b5-1 Plan”), were as follows:

Name

Title

Action

Date Adopted

Expiration Date

Aggregate # of Securities to be Purchased/Sold

Robert Kramer (1)

General Manager and Director

Adoption

12/6/2023

3/5/2025

236,382

(1) Robert Kramer, General Manager and a member of the Board of Directors, entered into a prearranged stock trading plan pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 on December 6, 2023. Mr. Kramer’s plan provides for the potential sale of up to 236,382 shares of Appian Class A common stock. The plan expires on the earlier of the completion of all authorized transactions under the plan or March 5, 2025.

Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted

false

Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated

false

Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated

false

Robert Kramer [Member]

Trading Arrangements, by Individual

Name

Robert Kramer (1)

Title

General Manager and Director

Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted

true

Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted

false

Arrangement Duration

455 days

Aggregate Available

236,382

Segment and Geographic Information - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
United States
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Long-lived assets	$ 34.0	$ 38.8
International
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Long-lived assets	$ 12.6	$ 8.3

Leases - Components of Lease Expense (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Leases [Abstract]
Operating lease cost	$ 9,056	$ 6,950	$ 6,619
Short-term lease cost	1,444	583	149
Variable lease cost	4,230	3,817	2,713
Total	$ 14,730	$ 11,350	$ 9,481

Commitment and Contingencies (Details) - USD ($)				12 Months Ended
Commitment and Contingencies (Details) - USD ($)	Sep. 01, 2023	Sep. 15, 2022	May 10, 2022	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Jul. 31, 2021
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Purchase obligation							$ 131,000,000
Purchase obligation, to be paid, year three							28,000,000
Purchase obligation, to be paid, year four							28,000,000
Purchase obligation, to be paid, year five							$ 28,000,000
Payments for purchase obligation				$ 36,600,000	$ 33,100,000	$ 11,800,000
Pegasystems Litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Litigation, judgment preservation insurance, cost	$ 57,300,000
Judgment preservation insurance, threshold amount	$ 500,000,000
Litigation, appeal process, period				3 years
Litigation, judgment preservation insurance expense				$ 6,000,000
Litigation, judgment preservation insurance, current				18,100,000
Litigation, judgment preservation insurance, noncurrent				$ 33,200,000
Pegasystems Litigation \| Misappropriation of Trade Secrets
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Amount awarded in settlement		$ 2,036,000,000.000	$ 2,036,000,000.000
Pegasystems Litigation \| Violation of Virginia Computer Crimes Act
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Amount awarded in settlement			$ 1
Pegasystems Litigation \| Attorney's Fees Associated
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Amount awarded in settlement		23,600,000
Pegasystems Litigation \| Statutory Post Judgement Interest on Judgmental
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Amount awarded in settlement		$ 122,000,000
Gain contingency, damages awarded, interest, percentage (percent)		6.00%
Youyong Zou Litigation
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Amount awarded in settlement		$ 5,000,000

Revenue (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Schedule of Revenue by Services

The following table summarizes revenue recorded during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cloud subscriptions	$	304,481	$	236,922	$	179,415
Term license subscriptions	82,282		79,753		63,203
Maintenance and support	25,574		23,477		21,120
Total subscriptions	412,337		340,152		263,738
Professional services	133,026		127,839		105,521
Total revenue	$	545,363	$	467,991	$	369,259

Schedule of Contract Asset and Contract Liability

The following table sets forth contract asset and contract liability balances as of December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Contract assets, current*	$	12,052	$	12,540	$	12,515
Contract assets, non-current*	915		1,720		1,492
Total contract assets	$	12,967	$	14,260	$	14,007

Deferred revenue, current	$	235,992	$	194,768	$	150,169
Deferred revenue, non-current	4,700		5,556		2,430
Total contract liabilities	$	240,692	$	200,324	$	152,599

Income Taxes - Loss Before Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Domestic	$ (89,925)	$ (102,434)	$ (48,743)
Foreign	(18,307)	(47,794)	(39,120)
Loss before income taxes	$ (108,232)	$ (150,228)	$ (87,863)

- Definition

Amount of income (loss) from continuing operations, including income (loss) from equity method investments, before deduction of income tax expense (benefit), and income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interest.

+ References

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+ Details

Investments and Fair Value Measurements - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Interest income on investment	$ 9.0	$ 0.9	$ 0.0
Level 3
Fair Value, Balance Sheet Grouping, Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Assets	$ 0.0	$ 0.0

Accrued Expenses (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Schedule of Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Hosting costs	$	2,973	$	2,802
Contract labor costs	600		1,465
Marketing and tradeshow expenses	685		1,000
Audit and tax expenses	1,499		911
Taxes payable	1,261		827
Legal costs	103		475
Reimbursable employee expenses	880		1,004
Third party license fees	678		1,223
Capital expenditures	644		744
Other accrued expenses	1,723		1,776
Total accrued expenses	$	11,046	$	12,227

Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Appian and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

Segment Reporting

Concentration of Credit and Customer Risk

With regard to our customers, credit evaluation and account monitoring procedures are used to minimize the risk of loss.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Deferred Commissions

Amortization associated with deferred commissions is recorded to sales and marketing expense in our consolidated statements of operations.

Property and Equipment

The following table outlines the useful lives of our major asset categories (in years):


						Useful Life
Computer software						3
Computer hardware						3
Equipment						5
Office furniture and fixtures						10
Leasehold improvements						(a)

(a) Leasehold improvements have an estimated useful life of the shorter of the useful life of the assets or the lease term.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Stock-Based Compensation

Leases

At the inception of an arrangement, we determine whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present and the classification of the lease. Operating leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the consolidated balance sheets as ROU assets, lease liabilities, and long-term lease liabilities. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. We have elected not to recognize on our consolidated balance sheets leases with a term of one year or less.

Lease liabilities and their corresponding ROU assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. The implicit rates within most of our leases are generally not determinable; therefore, we estimate our incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of lease payments. The determination of our incremental borrowing rate requires judgment and is estimated for each lease based on the rate we would have to pay for a collateralized loan with the same terms as the lease. We consider various factors, including our level of collateralization, estimated credit rating, and the currency in which the lease is denominated. Operating lease ROU assets also include any lease prepayments, offset by lease incentives. Certain of our leases include options to extend or terminate the lease. An option to extend the lease is considered in connection with determining the ROU asset and lease liability when it is reasonably certain we will exercise that option.

Expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term as an operating expense. We have lease agreements which require payments for lease and non-lease components (i.e., common area maintenance) that are accounted for as a single lease component. Variable lease payment amounts that cannot be determined at the commencement of the lease, such as maintenance costs, utilities, and service charges are not included in ROU assets or lease liabilities but rather are expensed as incurred and recorded as variable lease expense. We often receive customary incentives from our landlords such as tenant improvement allowances (“TIAs”) and rent abatement periods, which effectively reduce total lease payments owed for the leases.

Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share

Income Taxes

Foreign Currency

Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions are recognized in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations as a component of ‘Other (income) expense, net’.

Research and Development Expenses

Advertising Expenses

We expense advertising costs as they are incurred.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Adopted

We did not adopt any new accounting guidance in 2023 that had a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or disclosures.

Not Yet Adopted

Revenue Recognition

Performance Obligations and Timing of Revenue Recognition

Subscriptions Revenue

Cloud Subscriptions

Term License Subscriptions

Maintenance and Support

Professional Services Revenue

Consulting Services

Training Services

Significant Judgments and Estimates

Determining the Transaction Price

Allocating the Transaction Price Based on Standalone Selling Prices (“SSP”)

Contract Balances

Fair Value Measurements

U.S. GAAP establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy to classify and disclose all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial measurement. The hierarchy requires us to use observable inputs when available and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. The three tiers are defined as follows:

•Level 1 - Observable inputs based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 - Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

•Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, and which require us to develop our own estimates and assumptions reflecting those that a market participant would use.

The asset or liability’s fair value measurement level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. There were no instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

The valuation techniques that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:

•Market approach - Uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities;

•Income approach - Uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present amount based on current market expectations about those future amounts; and

•Cost approach - Based on the amount that currently would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (i.e., replacement cost).

Investments

Our investment portfolio consists largely of debt investments classified as available-for-sale. Changes in the fair value of available-for-sale securities, excluding other-than-temporary impairments, are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss in our consolidated balance sheets.

Segment and Geographic Information

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Segment and Geographic Information

14. Segment and Geographic Information

The following table summarizes revenue by geography for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Domestic	$	350,210	$	311,075	$	243,562
International	195,153		156,916		125,697
Total	$	545,363	$	467,991	$	369,259

With respect to geographic information, revenue is attributed to respective geographies based on the contracting address of the customer. The value of our long-lived assets, which are comprised of property and equipment and intangible assets, held in the United States and internationally as of December 31, 2023 were $34.0 million and $12.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, our long-lived assets held in the United States and internationally were $38.8 million and $8.3 million, respectively.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for reporting segments including data and tables. Reportable segments include those that meet any of the following quantitative thresholds a) it's reported revenue, including sales to external customers and intersegment sales or transfers is 10 percent or more of the combined revenue, internal and external, of all operating segments b) the absolute amount of its reported profit or loss is 10 percent or more of the greater, in absolute amount of 1) the combined reported profit of all operating segments that did not report a loss or 2) the combined reported loss of all operating segments that did report a loss c) its assets are 10 percent or more of the combined assets of all operating segments.

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-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-26

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 34
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-34

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
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-Section 50
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-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-41

Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
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-Section 50
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-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-21

Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 21
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-21

Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 280
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 32
-Subparagraph (e)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482810/280-10-50-32

+ Details

Retirement Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
Retirement Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]
Maximum annual contributions per employee (percent)	75.00%
Employer matching contribution, percentage of the employee's contribution (percent)	100.00%
Employer matching contribution, percentage of the employee's gross compensation (percent)	4.00%
Vesting term of employer contribution	4 years
Contribution expense related to employer matching contributions	$ 12.9	$ 11.5	$ 8.7

Investments and Fair Value Measurements - Components of Investments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Investments, Cost Basis	$ 65,980	$ 87,354
Unrealized Gains (Losses)	(5)	(22)
Total investments	159,004	195,995
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Total investments	149,351	148,132
Short-term Investments and Marketable Securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Total investments	9,653	47,863
Level 1
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Cash	93,029	108,663
Level 1 \| Cash and Cash Equivalents
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Cash	93,029	108,663
Level 1 \| Money market fund
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Investments, Cost Basis	56,322	39,469
Unrealized Gains (Losses)	0	0
Investments, Fair Value	56,322	39,469
Level 1 \| Money market fund \| Cash and Cash Equivalents
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Investments, Fair Value	56,322	39,469
Level 1 \| Money market fund \| Short-term Investments and Marketable Securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Investments, Fair Value	0	0
Level 1 \| U.S. Treasury bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Investments, Cost Basis	4,830	9,396
Unrealized Gains (Losses)	(2)	(13)
Investments, Fair Value	4,828	9,383
Level 1 \| U.S. Treasury bonds \| Cash and Cash Equivalents
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Investments, Fair Value	0	0
Level 1 \| U.S. Treasury bonds \| Short-term Investments and Marketable Securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Investments, Fair Value	4,828	9,383
Level 2 \| Agency bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Investments, Cost Basis	4,828	2,432
Unrealized Gains (Losses)	(3)	3
Investments, Fair Value	4,825	2,435
Level 2 \| Agency bonds \| Cash and Cash Equivalents
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Investments, Fair Value	0	0
Level 2 \| Agency bonds \| Short-term Investments and Marketable Securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Investments, Fair Value	$ 4,825	2,435
Level 2 \| Commercial paper
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Investments, Cost Basis		26,704
Unrealized Gains (Losses)		0
Investments, Fair Value		26,704
Level 2 \| Commercial paper \| Cash and Cash Equivalents
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Investments, Fair Value		0
Level 2 \| Commercial paper \| Short-term Investments and Marketable Securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Investments, Fair Value		26,704
Level 2 \| Corporate bonds
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Investments, Cost Basis		9,353
Unrealized Gains (Losses)		(12)
Investments, Fair Value		9,341
Level 2 \| Corporate bonds \| Cash and Cash Equivalents
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Investments, Fair Value		0
Level 2 \| Corporate bonds \| Short-term Investments and Marketable Securities
Debt Securities, Available-for-sale [Line Items]
Investments, Fair Value		$ 9,341

Investments and Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]

Investments and Fair Value Measurements

16. Investments and Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value Measurements

•Level 1 - Observable inputs based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 - Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

•Level 3 - Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, and which require us to develop our own estimates and assumptions reflecting those that a market participant would use.

The valuation techniques that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:

•Market approach - Uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets or liabilities;

•Income approach - Uses valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present amount based on current market expectations about those future amounts; and

•Cost approach - Based on the amount that currently would be required to replace the service capacity of an asset (i.e., replacement cost).

The carrying amounts of our restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate fair value as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 because of the relatively short duration of these instruments. Additionally, the carrying value of our debt associated with the term loan facility approximates fair value because the interest rates are variable and reset on relatively short durations to the then market rates.

Investments


	As of December 31, 2023
	Fair Value Measurement							Balance Sheet Classification
	Fair Value Level	Cost Basis		Unrealized Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-term Investments and Marketable Securities
Cash	Level 1	$	—	$	—	$	93,029	$	93,029	$	—
Money market fund	Level 1	56,322		—		56,322		56,322		—
U.S. Treasury bonds	Level 1	4,830		(2)		4,828		—		4,828


Agency bonds	Level 2	4,828		(3)		4,825		—		4,825

Total investments		$	65,980	$	(5)	$	159,004	$	149,351	$	9,653

As of December 31, 2022, our investments consisted of the following (in thousands):


	As of December 31, 2022
	Fair Value Measurement							Balance Sheet Classification
	Fair Value Level	Cost Basis		Unrealized Gains (Losses)		Fair Value		Cash and Cash Equivalents		Short-Term Investments and Marketable Securities
Cash	Level 1	$	—	$	—	$	108,663	$	108,663	$	—
Money market fund	Level 1	39,469		—		39,469		39,469		—
U.S. Treasury bonds	Level 1	9,396		(13)		9,383		—		9,383
Commercial paper	Level 2	26,704		—		26,704		—		26,704
Corporate bonds	Level 2	9,353		(12)		9,341		—		9,341
Agency bonds	Level 2	2,432		3		2,435		—		2,435
Total investments		$	87,354	$	(22)	$	195,995	$	148,132	$	47,863

There were no Level 3 assets held at any point during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Additionally, there were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Interest income on our investments totaled $9.0 million and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Interest income on investments was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2021.

The contractual maturities of our debt securities as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 are all one year or less. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers have the right to call or prepay certain obligations.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net loss	$ (111,441)	$ (150,920)	$ (88,641)
Comprehensive loss, net of income taxes
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(16,326)	(1,559)	(677)
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities	17	0	0
Total other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes	$ (127,750)	$ (152,479)	$ (89,318)

- Definition

The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.

+ References

+ Details

Income Taxes - Unrecognized Tax Benefits (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefits [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 4,488	$ 3,089	$ 2,277
Additions for tax positions in current years	1,740	1,399	812
Additions for tax positions in prior years	256	0	0
Reductions due to lapse in statutes of limitations	0	0	0
Settlements	0	0	0
Ending balance	$ 6,484	$ 4,488	$ 3,089

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 149,351	$ 148,132
Short-term investments and marketable securities	9,653	47,863
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $2,606 and $2,125, respectively	171,561	165,964
Deferred commissions, current	34,261	30,196
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	49,529	28,093
Restricted cash, current	0	2,249
Total current assets	414,355	422,497
Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $25,141 and $18,864, respectively	42,682	41,855
Goodwill	27,106	26,349
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $4,152 and $2,715, respectively	3,889	5,251
Right-of-use assets for operating leases	39,975	37,248
Deferred commissions, net of current portion	59,764	55,788
Deferred tax assets	3,453	1,940
Other assets	36,279	3,286
Total assets	627,503	594,214
Current liabilities
Accounts payable	6,174	7,997
Accrued expenses	11,046	12,227
Accrued compensation and related benefits	38,003	40,718
Deferred revenue	235,992	194,768
Debt	66,368	2,740
Operating lease liabilities	11,698	8,681
Other current liabilities	1,891	3,121
Total current liabilities	371,172	270,252
Long-term debt	140,221	115,379
Non-current operating lease liabilities	59,067	57,225
Deferred revenue, non-current	4,700	5,556
Deferred tax liabilities	2	102
Total liabilities	575,162	448,514
Commitments and contingent liabilities (see Note 13)
Stockholders’ equity
Additional paid-in capital	595,781	561,390
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(23,555)	(7,246)
Accumulated deficit	(519,892)	(408,451)
Total stockholders’ equity	52,341	145,700
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	627,503	594,214
Class A Common Stock
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock	4	4
Class B Common Stock
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock	$ 3	$ 3

Stockholders' Equity	12 Months Ended
Stockholders' Equity	Dec. 31, 2023
Equity [Abstract]
Stockholders' Equity	11. Stockholders' Equity We have authorized 500,000,000 shares of Class A common stock and 100,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, each with a par value of $0.0001 per share. As of December 31, 2023, our shares of Class A common stock, which are publicly traded on the Nasdaq Global Market, totaled 42,169,970 issued and outstanding while our Class B common stock, which are not publicly traded, totaled 31,196,796 issued and outstanding. The rights of the holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are identical, except with respect to voting and conversion rights. The holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share, and the holders of Class B common stock are entitled to ten votes per share on all matters subject to stockholder vote. The holders of Class B common stock also have approval rights for certain corporate actions. Each share of Class B common stock may be converted into one share of Class A common stock at the option of its holder and will be automatically converted upon transfer thereof, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, upon the date on which the outstanding shares of Class B common stock represent less than 10% of the aggregate voting power of our capital stock, all outstanding shares of Class B common stock will convert automatically into Class A common stock.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for equity.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-13

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Subparagraph (h)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-13

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 14
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-14

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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-SubTopic 235
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481062/946-235-50-2

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 235
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481062/946-235-50-2

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 946
-SubTopic 505
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
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-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481004/946-505-50-6

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 815
-SubTopic 40
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 6
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480237/815-40-50-6

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.3-04)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480008/505-10-S99-1

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 235
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(e)(1))
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480678/235-10-S99-1

Reference 10: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef
-Topic 505
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//505/tableOfContent

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Subparagraph (g)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-13

Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 13
-Subparagraph (i)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-13

Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 14
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-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-14

Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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Reference 16: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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Reference 17: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
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Reference 18: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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-Section 50
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-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-18

Reference 19: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 505
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 18
-Subparagraph (d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481112/505-10-50-18

+ Details

Accrued Expenses

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Payables and Accruals [Abstract]

Accrued Expenses

7. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Hosting costs	$	2,973	$	2,802
Contract labor costs	600		1,465
Marketing and tradeshow expenses	685		1,000
Audit and tax expenses	1,499		911
Taxes payable	1,261		827
Legal costs	103		475
Reimbursable employee expenses	880		1,004
Third party license fees	678		1,223
Capital expenditures	644		744
Other accrued expenses	1,723		1,776
Total accrued expenses	$	11,046	$	12,227

Audit Information	12 Months Ended
Audit Information	Dec. 31, 2023
Audit Information [Abstract]
Auditor Name	BDO USA, P.C.
Auditor Location	McLean, Virginia
Auditor Firm ID	243

Stock-Based Compensation - Assumptions Used to Estimate Fair Value of Stock Options (Details)	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period (in years)		4 years 2 months 12 days	5 years 1 month 6 days	4 years	4 years 10 months 24 days
2017 Equity Incentive Plan \| Minimum \| Chief Executive Officer
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period (in years)	3 years 4 months 24 days		3 years 4 months 24 days
2017 Equity Incentive Plan \| Maximum \| Chief Executive Officer
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period (in years)	4 years 1 month 6 days		4 years 1 month 6 days
Stock options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected dividend yield		0.00%
Stock options \| 2017 Equity Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Risk-free interest rate			3.01%
Expected volatility			70.00%
Expected dividend yield			0.00%

Leases - Supplemental Balance Sheet Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Lessee, Operating Lease, Description [Abstract]
Right-of-use assets for operating leases	$ 39,975	$ 37,248
Operating lease liabilities, current	11,698	8,681
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	59,067	57,225
Total operating lease liabilities	$ 70,765	$ 65,906
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)	7 years 4 months 24 days	8 years 4 months 24 days
Weighted average discount rate	9.40%	9.40%

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Amortization of Intangible Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]
2024	$ 1,513
2025	1,204
2026	775
2027	95
2028	95
Thereafter	207
Intangible assets, net	$ 3,889	$ 5,251

Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share - Computation of Net Loss per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Numerator:
Net loss	$ (111,441)	$ (150,920)	$ (88,641)
Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic (in shares)	73,102,470	72,455,175	71,036,490
Weighted average common shares outstanding, diluted (in shares)	73,102,470	72,455,175	71,036,490
Earnings Per Share Basic And Diluted EPS [Abstract]
Net loss per share, basic (in usd per share)	$ (1.52)	$ (2.08)	$ (1.25)
Net loss per share, diluted (in usd per share)	$ (1.52)	$ (2.08)	$ (1.25)

- Definition

The amount of net income (loss) for the period per each share of common stock or unit outstanding during the reporting period.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 250
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 3
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147483443/250-10-50-3

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 260
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 55
-Paragraph 15
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482635/260-10-55-15

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 815
-SubTopic 40
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 65
-Paragraph 1
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-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480175/815-40-65-1

Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 815
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-Paragraph 1
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-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147480175/815-40-65-1

Reference 5: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 250
-SubTopic 10
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-Section 50
-Paragraph 11
-Subparagraph (a)
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147483443/250-10-50-11

Reference 6: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 250
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 11
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147483443/250-10-50-11

Reference 7: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 250
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 7
-Subparagraph (a)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147483443/250-10-50-7

Reference 8: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 260
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 45
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-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482689/260-10-45-2

Reference 9: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 260
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 45
-Paragraph 60B
-Subparagraph (d)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482689/260-10-45-60B

Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 250
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 4
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147483443/250-10-50-4

Reference 11: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 260
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
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The amount of net income (loss) for the period available to each share of common stock or common unit outstanding during the reporting period and to each share or unit that would have been outstanding assuming the issuance of common shares or units for all dilutive potential common shares or units outstanding during the reporting period.

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The portion of profit or loss for the period, net of income taxes, which is attributable to the parent.

+ References

+ Details

Revenue - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Contract assets balances	$ 12,052	$ 12,540	$ 12,515
Revenue recognized from contract liabilities	196,500	147,000	114,200
Accounts receivable, net of allowance	171,561	$ 165,964	$ 130,000
Unsatisfied performance obligations	489,700
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction, Start Date [Axis]: 2024-01-01
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Unsatisfied performance obligations	$ 310,900
Revenue, remaining performance obligation, period (in months)	12 months
Minimum
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Cloud subscriptions contracts term (in years)	1 year
Maximum
Revenue, Remaining Performance Obligation, Expected Timing of Satisfaction [Line Items]
Cloud subscriptions contracts term (in years)	3 years

Leases

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Leases

4. Leases

As of December 31, 2023, our lease portfolio consists entirely of operating leases for corporate offices. Our operating leases have remaining lease terms with various expiration dates through 2031, and some leases include options to extend the term for up to an additional 10 years.

Right-of-Use (“ROU”) Assets and Lease Liabilities

Lease Costs

The following table sets forth the components of lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands, exclusive of sublease income):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Operating lease cost	$	9,056	$	6,950	$	6,619



Short-term lease cost	1,444		583		149
Variable lease cost	4,230		3,817		2,713
Total	$	14,730	$	11,350	$	9,481

Sublease income totaled $1.3 million and $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. There was no sublease income for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Supplemental Lease Information

Supplemental balance sheet information related to operating leases as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 is presented in the following table (in thousands, except for lease term and discount rate):


	As of December 31,
	2023			2022
Right-of-use assets for operating leases	$	39,975		$	37,248

Operating lease liabilities, current	$	11,698		$	8,681
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	59,067			57,225
Total operating lease liabilities	$	70,765		$	65,906

Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)	7.4			8.4

Weighted average discount rate	9.4		%	9.4		%

Supplemental cash flow and expense information related to operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 is shown below (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021

Operating cash outflows for operating leases	$	8,865	$	7,073	$	7,732



Amortization of operating lease ROU assets	2,676		1,495		1,361
Interest expense on operating lease liabilities	6,380		5,406		5,268

For each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, TIA reimbursements totaled $2.6 million. No TIA reimbursements were received during the year ended December 31, 2021.

A summary of our future minimum lease commitments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2023 is shown below (in thousands):


	Operating Leases
2024	$	12,208
2025	13,011
2026	13,332
2027	13,583
2028	12,469
Thereafter	34,839
Total lease payments	99,442
Less: imputed interest	(28,677)
Total	$	70,765

Organization and Description of Business	12 Months Ended
Organization and Description of Business	Dec. 31, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Organization and Description of Business	1. Organization and Description of Business Appian Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, “Appian,” the “Company,” “we,” or “our”) is a software company that automates business processes. The Appian AI Process Platform includes everything you need to design, automate, and optimize even the most complex processes from start to finish. The world's most innovative organizations trust Appian to improve their workflows, unify data, and optimize operations—resulting in better growth and superior customer experiences. We are headquartered in McLean, Virginia and operate both in the U.S. and internationally including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

Stockholders' Equity (Details)	12 Months Ended
Stockholders' Equity (Details)	Dec. 31, 2023 vote $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2022 $ / shares shares
Class A Common Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	500,000,000
Common stock, par value (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	42,169,970	41,320,091
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	42,169,970	41,320,091
Number of votes entitled to stockholders per share \| vote	1
Conversion of stock (in shares)	1
Maximum percentage of aggregate voting power of capital stock which triggers conversion of stock (percent)	10.00%
Class B Common Stock
Class of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	100,000,000	100,000,000
Common stock, par value (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 0.0001	$ 0.0001
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	31,196,796	31,497,796
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	31,196,796	31,497,796
Number of votes entitled to stockholders per share \| vote	10

Commitments and Contingencies	12 Months Ended
Commitments and Contingencies	Dec. 31, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments and Contingencies	13. Commitments and Contingencies Minimum Purchase Commitments We have a non-cancellable cloud hosting arrangement with Amazon Web Services (“AWS”) that contains provisions for minimum purchase commitments. Specifically, purchase commitments under the agreement total $131.0 million over five years. The agreement, which started July 2021 and is now in its third year as of December 31, 2023, contains minimum spending requirements of $28.0 million in each of the third, fourth, and fifth years. Spending under this agreement for the year ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 totaled $36.6 million, $33.1 million, and $11.8 million, respectively. The timing of payments under the agreement may vary. Exclusive of the AWS contract, we have other non-cancellable agreements for subscription software products that contain provisions stipulating minimum purchase commitments. However, the annual purchase commitments under these contracts are, individually and in the aggregate, immaterial to our consolidated financial statements. Pegasystems Litigation On May 29, 2020, we filed a civil complaint against Pegasystems, Inc. (“Pegasystems”) and Youyong Zou, a Virginia resident, in the Circuit Court for Fairfax County, Virginia. Appian Corp v. Pegasystems Inc. & Youyong Zou, No. 2020-07216 (Fairfax Cty. Ct.). On May 10, 2022, we announced the jury awarded us $2.036 billion in damages for misappropriation of our trade secrets and $1 in damages for violating the Virginia Computer Crimes Act. Pegasystems filed several post-trial motions seeking relief in the form of reducing the damages award or setting aside the jury’s verdict and either granting a new trial or entering judgment in Pegasystems’ favor. All of these motions were denied, and final judgment was entered by the Court on September 15, 2022. The final judgment reaffirmed the $2.036 billion in damages and also ordered Pegasystems to pay Appian $23.6 million in attorney's fees associated with the case as well as statutory post-judgment interest on the judgment at an annual rate of 6%, or approximately $122.0 million per year. Defendant Youyong Zou has satisfied the judgment of $5,000 (plus interest) against him in lieu of appealing that judgment. On September 15, 2022, Pegasystems filed a notice of appeal to the Court of Appeals of Virginia. Both sides have submitted their respective appeal briefs to the Court of Appeals, and the Court held a hearing on the appeal on November 15, 2023. The timeline of the case is solely within the control of the Court of Appeals until it rules. Pegasystems is not required to pay us the judgment, attorney’s fees, or post-judgment interest until all appeals are exhausted. We cannot predict the outcome of any appeals or the exact time it will take to resolve them. Consistent with other judgments, there is no guarantee we will be able to collect all or any portion of the judgment. Consequently, we will not record the award in our consolidated financial statements until all contingencies are resolved and we collect on the judgment. Judgment Preservation Insurance On September 1, 2023, we entered into a Judgment Preservation Insurance (“JPI”) policy in connection with our $2.036 billion judgment against Pegasystems. The total cost of the policy was $57.3 million and is comprised of the premium, a one-time broker fee, and Virginia lines tax. The policy provides up to $500.0 million of coverage. The total cost of the policy was capitalized and will be amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated length of the appeals process. As of December 31, 2023, we estimated the length of the appeals process (solely for amortization purposes) to be approximately three years. This estimate will be updated each reporting period. Amortization expense associated with the JPI premium is recorded to general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. JPI amortization expense was $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, $18.1 million of the unamortized balance is classified as ‘Prepaid expenses and other current assets’ while the remaining $33.2 million is classified as ‘Other assets’ on our consolidated balance sheets. Other Legal Matters From time to time, we are subject to legal, regulatory, and other proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this Annual Report, we are not presently a party to any legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors.

Accounting Policies - Property and Equipment, Useful Life (Details)	Dec. 31, 2023
Computer software
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life (in years)	3 years
Computer hardware
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life (in years)	3 years
Equipment
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life (in years)	5 years
Office furniture and fixtures
Summary Of Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Property, plant and equipment, useful life (in years)	10 years

Revenue - Schedule of Contract Asset and Contract Liability (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Contract assets, current	$ 12,052	$ 12,540	$ 12,515
Contract assets, non-current	915	1,720	1,492
Total contract assets	12,967	14,260	14,007
Deferred revenue, current	235,992	194,768	150,169
Deferred revenue, non-current	4,700	5,556	2,430
Total contract liabilities	$ 240,692	$ 200,324	$ 152,599

Stock-Based Compensation - Stock Option Activity (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021	Dec. 31, 2020
Number of Shares
Outstanding at beginning of period (in shares)	2,697,959	2,953,356	3,399,240
Granted (in shares)	0	700,000	0
Exercised (in shares)	(98,610)	(937,217)	(423,824)
Expired (in shares)	0	(7,900)	(4,100)
Forfeited (in shares)	0	(10,280)	(17,960)
Outstanding at ending of period (in shares)	2,599,349	2,697,959	2,953,356	3,399,240
Exercisable at end of period (in shares)	1,899,349
Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of period (in usd per shares)	$ 20.25	$ 15.16	$ 14.06
Granted (in usd per share)	0	50.63	0
Exercised (in usd per share)	7.56	27.14	6.55
Expired (in usd per share)	0	4.06	10.54
Forfeited (in usd per share)	0	12.28	11.78
Outstanding at ending balance (in usd per share)	20.73	$ 20.25	$ 15.16	$ 14.06
Exercisable at end of period (in usd per share)	$ 9.71
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)
Outstanding (in years)	4 years 2 months 12 days	5 years 1 month 6 days	4 years	4 years 10 months 24 days
Exercisable at end of period (in years)	2 years 7 months 6 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding intrinsic value, beginning balance	$ 45,867	$ 147,812	$ 503,174
Exercised	3,387	32,858	43,525
Outstanding intrinsic value, ending balance	53,089	$ 45,867	$ 147,812	$ 503,174
Exercisable at end of period	$ 53,089

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Common Stock	Additional Paid-In Capital	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	Accumulated Deficit
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2020		70,679,190
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2020	$ 296,605	$ 7	$ 470,498	$ (5,010)	$ (168,890)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	$ (88,641)				(88,641)
Issuance of common stock to directors (in shares)		4,950
Vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)		354,130
Exercise of stock options (in shares)	423,824	423,824
Exercise of stock options	$ 2,786		2,786
Stock-based compensation expense	23,844		23,844
Other comprehensive loss	(677)			(677)
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021		71,462,094
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2021	233,917	$ 7	497,128	(5,687)	(257,531)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	$ (150,920)				(150,920)
Issuance of common stock to directors (in shares)		14,928
Vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)		403,648
Exercise of stock options (in shares)	937,217	937,217
Exercise of stock options	$ 25,432		25,432
Stock-based compensation expense	38,830		38,830
Other comprehensive loss	(1,559)			(1,559)
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022		72,817,887
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2022	145,700	$ 7	561,390	(7,246)	(408,451)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net loss	(111,441)				(111,441)
Issuance of common stock to directors (in shares)		19,687
Vesting of restricted stock units (in shares)		430,582
Vesting of restricted stock units	$ (9,748)		(9,748)
Exercise of stock options (in shares)	98,610	98,610
Exercise of stock options	$ 752		752
Stock-based compensation expense	43,387		43,387
Other comprehensive loss	(16,309)			(16,309)
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023		73,366,766
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2023	$ 52,341	$ 7	$ 595,781	$ (23,555)	$ (519,892)

Goodwill and Intangible Assets (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Goodwill

The following table details the changes in goodwill during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):


	Carrying Amount
Balance as of December 31, 2021	$	27,795

Foreign currency translation adjustments	(1,446)
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$	26,349

Foreign currency translation adjustments	757
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$	27,106

Schedule of Finite-lived Intangible Assets

Intangible assets, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Developed technology	$	7,091	$	6,893
Customer relationships	950		1,073

Intangible assets, gross	8,041		7,966
Less: Accumulated amortization	(4,152)		(2,715)
Intangible assets, net	$	3,889	$	5,251

Schedule of Finite-lived Intangible Assets, Future Amortization Expense

The following table shows the projected annual amortization expense related to amortizable intangible assets as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
2024	$	1,513
2025	1,204
2026	775
2027	95
2028	95
Thereafter	207
Total projected amortization expense	$	3,889

- Definition

Tabular disclosure of goodwill by reportable segment and in total which includes a rollforward schedule.

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-SubTopic 20
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1A
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482573/350-20-50-1A

Reference 12: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Topic 350
-SubTopic 20
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 2
-Subparagraph (b)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482573/350-20-50-2

+ Details

Debt - Outstanding Long-term Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Long-term debt	$ 207,813
Less: Debt issuance costs	(1,224)	$ (1,256)
Total debt	206,589	118,119
Debt	66,368	2,740
Long-term debt	140,221	115,379
Line of Credit \| Revolving Credit Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Long-term debt	62,000	0
Secured Debt \| Secured Term Loan Facility
Line of Credit Facility [Line Items]
Long-term debt	$ 145,813	$ 119,375

Property and Equipment, net - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]
Depreciation and amortization expense	$ 8.0	$ 5.8	$ 4.9
Disposal of property plant and equipment	$ 1.4	$ 1.0	$ 0.0

Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share

12. Basic and Diluted Loss per Common Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands, except share and per share data):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(111,441)	$	(150,920)	$	(88,641)
Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	73,102,470		72,455,175		71,036,490
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(1.52)	$	(2.08)	$	(1.25)

Due to net losses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, basic and diluted net loss per share were equal as the effect of potentially dilutive securities would have been antidilutive.


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023	2022	2021
Stock options	2,599,349	2,697,959	2,953,356
Non-vested restricted stock units	1,078,064	1,190,720	1,209,529

Property and Equipment, net - Property and Equipment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 67,823	$ 60,719
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(25,141)	(18,864)
Property and equipment, net	42,682	41,855
Leasehold improvements
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	53,313	45,959
Office furniture and fixtures
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	3,825	3,476
Computer hardware
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	9,671	9,689
Computer software
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	820	1,353
Equipment
Property, Plant and Equipment [Line Items]
Property and equipment, gross	$ 194	$ 242

Segment and Geographic Information (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Schedule of Revenue By Geography

The following table summarizes revenue by geography for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Domestic	$	350,210	$	311,075	$	243,562
International	195,153		156,916		125,697
Total	$	545,363	$	467,991	$	369,259

Debt - Future Long-Term Debt Principal Payments (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
2024	$ 4,688
2025	7,500
2026	7,500
2027*	188,125
Total	207,813
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt	207,813
Revolving Credit Facility \| Line of Credit
Debt Disclosure [Abstract]
Total	62,000	$ 0
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Long-term debt	$ 62,000	$ 0

- Definition

Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 835
-SubTopic 30
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482900/835-30-50-1

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Topic 235
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 1
-Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(f))
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Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 235
-SubTopic 10
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section S99
-Paragraph 3
-Subparagraph (SX 210.12-04(a))
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Reference 4: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 10: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 13: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 14: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 15: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 19: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 20: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
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Reference 25: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef
-Topic 470
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-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 50
-Paragraph 1I
-Subparagraph (c)
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481139/470-20-50-1I

+ Details

Income Taxes - Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating losses	$ 103,299	$ 85,442
Tax credits	29,582	21,215
Deferred revenue	861	416
Equity compensation	4,879	5,314
Lease liabilities	18,822	17,732
Accrued compensation	3,323	4,510
Bad debt	447	656
Other accrued expense	218	16
Capitalized research and development costs	35,047	29,991
Other	1,369	431
Gross deferred tax assets	197,847	165,723
Less: Valuation allowance	(161,966)	(132,581)
Total deferred tax assets	35,881	33,142
Deferred tax liabilities:
Prepaid expenses	(16,505)	(15,309)
Right-of-use assets	(10,626)	(10,056)
Depreciation	(3,779)	(4,275)
Intangible assets	(1,179)	(1,540)
Other	(341)	(123)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(32,430)	(31,303)
Net deferred tax assets	$ 3,451	$ 1,839

Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Schedule of Assumptions Used to Estimate the Fair Value of Stock Options Granted

The following table summarizes the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the 2022 CEO stock option grant:

Year Ended December 31,

2023

2022

2021

Risk-free interest rate

3.01%

Expected term (in years)

Expected volatility

70%

Expected dividend yield

—

* Not applicable because no stock options were granted during the period.

** Each Vesting Price Threshold for the 2022 CEO grant has a unique expected term ranging from 3.4 years to 4.1 years.

Schedule of Stock Option Activity

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:


	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding at December 31, 2020	3,399,240	$	14.06	4.9	$	503,174
Granted	—	—
Exercised	(423,824)	6.55			43,525
Expired	(4,100)	10.54
Forfeited	(17,960)	11.78
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	2,953,356	15.16		4.0	147,812
Granted	700,000	50.63
Exercised	(937,217)	27.14			32,858
Expired	(7,900)	4.06
Forfeited	(10,280)	12.28
Outstanding at December 31, 2022	2,697,959	20.25		5.1	45,867
Granted	—	—
Exercised	(98,610)	7.56			3,387
Expired	—	—
Forfeited	—	—
Outstanding at December 31, 2023	2,599,349	$	20.73	4.2	$	53,089

Exercisable at December 31, 2023	1,899,349	$	9.71	2.6	$	53,089

Schedule of Restricted Stock Unit Activity

The following table summarizes RSU activity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021:


	Number of Shares	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2020	1,165,003	$	46.04
Granted	488,462	108.98
Vested	(354,130)	43.39
Forfeited	(89,806)	62.72
Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2021	1,209,529	70.99
Granted	606,203	52.63
Vested	(403,648)	58.63
Forfeited	(221,364)	70.30
Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2022	1,190,720	65.97
Granted	710,278	42.52
Vested	(668,119)	58.64
Forfeited	(154,815)	62.73
Non-vested and outstanding at December 31, 2023	1,078,064	$	55.52

Schedule of Components of Stock-based Compensation Expense

The following table summarizes the components of our stock-based compensation expense by instrument type for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
RSUs	$	37,563	$	35,290	$	19,382
Stock options	5,045		2,790		3,839
Common stock awards to Board of Directors	779		750		623
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	43,387	$	38,830	$	23,844

Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense Included in Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations


	Year Ended December 31,
	2023		2022		2021
Cost of revenue
Subscriptions	$	925	$	996	$	1,199
Professional services	6,055		5,309		3,131
Operating expenses
Sales and marketing	10,842		9,152		5,426
Research and development	12,486		12,523		5,224
General and administrative	13,079		10,850		8,864
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	43,387	$	38,830	$	23,844

Stock-Based Compensation - Additional Information (Details) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 30, 2022 USD ($) installment $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2021 USD ($) $ / shares shares	Dec. 31, 2020	May 31, 2017 shares
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock option granted (in shares) \| shares		0	700,000	0
Exercise price of stock options granted (in usd per share) \| $ / shares		$ 0	$ 50.63	$ 0
Service period (in years)		4 years 2 months 12 days	5 years 1 month 6 days	4 years	4 years 10 months 24 days
Vested in period, value \| $		$ 0.0	$ 0.9	$ 10.8
Stock options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected dividend yield		0.00%
RSUs
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock units \| $		$ 41.8
Weighted average remaining vesting period		1 year 4 months 24 days
2017 Equity Incentive Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares available to be issued (in shares) \| shares		2,516,133
2017 Equity Incentive Plan \| Stock options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected dividend yield			0.00%
2017 Equity Incentive Plan \| Chief Executive Officer
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Stock option granted (in shares) \| shares	700,000
Exercise price of stock options granted (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 50.63
Fair value of options at grant date \| $	$ 18.8
Compensation cost related to nonvested stock options not yet recognized \| $		$ 10.9
Unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock option recognized over weighted average period, in years		2 years 2 months 12 days
2017 Equity Incentive Plan \| Chief Executive Officer \| Minimum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period (in years)	3 years 4 months 24 days		3 years 4 months 24 days
2017 Equity Incentive Plan \| Chief Executive Officer \| Maximum
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Service period (in years)	4 years 1 month 6 days		4 years 1 month 6 days
2017 Equity Incentive Plan \| Chief Executive Officer \| Stock options
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of installments \| installment	4
2017 Equity Incentive Plan \| Chief Executive Officer \| Stock options \| Tranche One
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting rights percentage (percent)	25.00%
Vesting price threshold (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 175
2017 Equity Incentive Plan \| Chief Executive Officer \| Stock options \| Tranche Two
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting rights percentage (percent)	25.00%
Vesting price threshold (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 200
2017 Equity Incentive Plan \| Chief Executive Officer \| Stock options \| Tranche Three
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting rights percentage (percent)	25.00%
Vesting price threshold (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 225
2017 Equity Incentive Plan \| Chief Executive Officer \| Stock options \| Tranche Four
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Award vesting rights percentage (percent)	25.00%
Vesting price threshold (in usd per share) \| $ / shares	$ 250
2017 Equity Incentive Plan \| Class A Common Stock
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares available to be issued (in shares) \| shares		7,196,149				6,421,442
2007 Stock Option Plan
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares available to be issued (in shares) \| shares						421,442
Number of shares available for grants (in shares) \| shares						0

Stock-Based Compensation - Stock-based Compensation Expense Included in Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 43,387	$ 38,830	$ 23,844
Subscriptions
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	925	996	1,199
Professional services
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	6,055	5,309	3,131
Sales and marketing
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	10,842	9,152	5,426
Research and development
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	12,486	12,523	5,224
General and administrative
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award, Compensation Cost [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 13,079	$ 10,850	$ 8,864

Goodwill and Intangible Assets - Goodwill (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Goodwill [Roll Forward]
Beginning balance	$ 26,349	$ 27,795
Foreign currency translation adjustments	757	(1,446)
Ending balance	$ 27,106	$ 26,349

- Definition

Amount after accumulated impairment loss of an asset representing future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized.

+ References + Details

Debt (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Outstanding Debt Balances

The following table summarizes outstanding debt balances as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):


	As of December 31,
	2023		2022
Borrowings under revolving credit facility	$	62,000	$	—
Secured term loan facility	145,813		119,375
Less: Debt issuance costs(1)	(1,224)		(1,256)
Total debt, net of debt issuance costs	$	206,589	$	118,119

Debt, current	$	66,368	$	2,740
Long-term debt	140,221		115,379
Total debt	$	206,589	$	118,119

(1) Deferred debt issuance costs associated with the term loan facility are recorded net of the debt obligation and amortized to interest expense over the term of the Credit Agreement.

Schedule of Future Long-term Debt Principal Payments

The following table summarizes the annual maturities of the principal amount of total debt due as of December 31, 2023 (in thousands):


	Year Ended December 31,
2024	$	4,688
2025	7,500
2026	7,500
2027*	188,125
Total	$	207,813

- Definition

Tabular disclosure of long-debt instruments or arrangements, including identification, terms, features, collateral requirements and other information necessary to a fair presentation. These are debt arrangements that originally required repayment more than twelve months after issuance or greater than the normal operating cycle of the entity, if longer.

+ References

Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
-Topic 470
-SubTopic 20
-Name Accounting Standards Codification
-Section 55
-Paragraph 69B
-Publisher FASB
-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481568/470-20-55-69B

Reference 2: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/exampleRef
-Topic 470
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-URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481568/470-20-55-69E

Reference 3: http://www.xbrl.org/2009/role/commonPracticeRef
-Topic 235
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+ Details

Revenue - Revenue by Services (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 545,363	$ 467,991	$ 369,259
Subscriptions
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	412,337	340,152	263,738
Cloud subscriptions
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	304,481	236,922	179,415
Term license subscriptions
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	82,282	79,753	63,203
Maintenance and support
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	25,574	23,477	21,120
Professional services
Revenues from External Customers and Long-Lived Assets [Line Items]
Total revenue	$ 133,026	$ 127,839	$ 105,521

- Definition

+ References

+ Details